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measures to metric values
• $165M
Shooting Down of Airbus 320
• 1988
• US Vicennes shot down Airbus 320
• Mistook airbus 320 for a F-14
• 290 people dead
• Why: Software bug - cryptic and
misleading output displayed by the
tracking software
THERAC-25 Radiation Therapy
• THERAC-25, a computercontrolled
radiation-therapy
machine
• 1986: two cancer patients at
the East Texas Cancer Center
in Tyler received fatal
radiation overdoses
• Why: Software bug -
mishandled race condition
(i.e., miscoordination between
concurrent tasks)
London Ambulance Service
• London Ambulance Service Computer
Aided Dispatch (LASCAD)
• Purpose: automate many of the
human-intensive processes of
manual dispatch systems associated
with ambulance services in the UK
– functions: Call taking
• Failure of the London Ambulance
Service on 26 and 27 November
1992
"Nice of You to Turn Up"
• Load increased
• Emergencies accumulated
• System made incorrect allocations
– more than one ambulance being sent to the
same incident
– the closest vehicle was not chosen for the
emergency
• At 23:00 on October 28 the LAS
eventually instigated a backup procedure,
after the death of at least 20 patients
2
More…
• "Software and its Impact: A Quantitative
Assessment," by B.W. Boehm, Datamation,
19(5), 48-59 (1973)
– Errors in medical software have caused
deaths
More…
• "The development of software for ballistic-missile
defense," by H. Lin, Scientific American, vol. 253, no. 6
(Dec. 1985), p. 48
– British destroyer H.M.S. Sheffield; sunk in the
Falkland Islands war; ship's radar warning system
software allowed missile to reach its target
– An Air New Zealand airliner crashed into an Antarctic
mountain
– North American Aerospace Defense Command reported
that the U.S. was under missile attack; traced to
faulty computer software - generated incorrect
signals
– Manned space capsule Gemini V missed its landing
point by 100 miles; software ignored the motion of
the earth around the sun
More…
• “Software Engineering: Report on a Conference
Sponsored by the NATO Science Committee,
Brussels, NATO Scientific Affairs Division,”
1968, p. 121
– An error in an aircraft design program
contributed to several serious air crashes
• "Ghost in the Machine," Time Magazine, Jan.
29, 1990. p. 58
– Dallas/Fort Worth air-traffic system began
spitting out gibberish in the Fall of 1989 and
controllers had to track planes on paper
More…
• Software Reliability: Principles & Practice, p.
25, by G. J. Myers
– Apollo 8 spacecraft erased part of the
computer's memory
– Eighteen errors were detected during the
10-day flight of Apollo 14
– An error in a single FORTRAN statement
resulted in the loss of the first American
probe to Venus
More…
• An Airbus A320 crashes at an air show
• A China Airlines Airbus Industries A300 crashes
on April 26, 1994 killing 264
• Ariane 5 satellite launcher malfunction was
caused by a faulty software exception routine
resulting from a bad 64-bit floating point to
16-bit integer conversion
More…
• ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes,
vol. 6, no. 2
– F-18 fighter plane crashed due to a missing
exception condition
• ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes,
vol. 9, no. 5
– F-14 fighter plane was lost to uncontrollable
spin, traced to tactical software
3
More…
• Internet Risks Forum NewsGroup (RISKS), vol.
19, issue 56
– CyberSitter censors "menu */ #define"
because of the string "nu...de"
• London‘s Docklands Light Railway - train
stopped in the middle of nowhere due to future
station location programmed in software
• ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes,
vol. 12, no. 3
– Chicago cat owners were billed $5 for
unlicensed dachshunds. A database search on
"DHC" (for dachshunds) found "domestic
house cats" with shots but no license
More…
• and many many more ….
Economic Impact
• NIST study
– On CNN.com - April 27, 2003
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