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H2.4.2.1 Quantity of Fuel Burned Per Training Fire
Available from the aircraft rescue and fire fighting (ARFF) department, airport operator or base
operations section. This figure should be expressed in terms of thousands of gallons.
H2.4.2.2 Emission Index
Error! Reference source not found. provides emission indices for each of the fuels commonly
burned in ARFF training facilities. Emission indices are given in terms of pounds of pollutant per
1000 gallons of fuel burned.
H-16
Fuel
Emission Index (lb/103 gallons fuel)
CO PM NOx SO2 VOC
Propane 34.8 117.2 6.4 0.02 31.8
JP-4 3584 960 26.88 3.8 128
JP-8 4487 1014 33.65 6.8 135
Table H-3: Emission Indices For Uncontrolled Fuel Burning in Training Fires3
H2.5 Aircraft Engine Testing
H2.5.1 Methodology
Pollutant emissions from aircraft engine testing are computed using a similar methodology to that
given previously for the aircraft LTO cycle emissions. For each engine being tested, pollutant
emission indices and fuel flow rates for each mode of aircraft operation are available from
published data. During testing, the engine is taken through a sequence of power levels simulating
actual flight conditions. Knowledge of the test times and fuel flow rates for each of these steps
allows the calculation of emissions from each testing step. The methodology for calculating
overall emissions from aircraft is expressed by Equation H-7:
Eti = S (N x TMj x FFj/1000 x EIi)
3 Sources: Propane: PM, VOC: Letter from D. Joynt (Symtron, Inc.) to P. Forward (EEA,
Inc.), February 12, 1996 (Reference 25). Emission indices given
therein based on Robert S. Levine (National Institute of Standards and
Technology) memorandum to C. Lenhoff and D. King, AAI
Corporation, December 9, 1992 (Reference 26).
CO, NOx: Estimate based on emission indices for flares given in
Section 13.5 of Volume I of Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors.
SO2: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I,
Section 1.5, assuming propane sulfur content of 0.2 g/100 scf.
JP-4,8: PM, VOC: Letter from D. Joynt (Symtron, Inc.) to P. Forward (EEA,
Inc.), February 12, 1996. Emission indices given therein based on
Robert S. Levine (National Institute of Standards and Technology)
memorandum to C. Lenhoff and D. King, AAI Corporation, December
9, 1992. JP-8 data are estimates based on JP-4 test results.
CO, NOx: Jagielski, Kurt D., and Robert J. O'Brien, Calculation
Methods for Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Inventories, p. 14. JP-8
data are estimates based on JP-4 test results.
SO2: Calculated by assuming all fuel sulfur emitted as SO2. Fuel sulfur
content for JP-4 taken as average for 1979-1989 from Dickson, Cheryl
L. and Paul W. Woodward, Aviation Turbine Fuels, 1989 (Reference
13). JP-8 sulfur content assumed equivalent to Jet A sulfur content,
from same document.
H-17
Where: Eti - total emissions of pollutant i
N - number of test cycles performed
TMj - average test time, in minutes per test, for mode j
FFj - fuel flow rate, in pounds per minute, while in testing mode j
EIi - emission index in pounds of pollutant i emitted per 103 lbs fuel burned
i - pollutant (CO, PM-10, SO2, NOx, HC)
j - testing mode
Equation H-7: Total Emissions for Aircraft Engine Testing
H2.5.2 Data Sources
Detailed data inputs are required to calculate emissions from aircraft engine testing. Data inputs
and sources are listed in the following paragraphs (2.5.2.1. through 2.5.2.5).
H2.5.2.1 Number of Test Cycles Performed
Maintenance personnel should be consulted to determine the typical number of test cycles
performed upon each aircraft.
H2.5.2.2 Test Time for Each Mode
Aircraft engine test time for each testing mode varies with the engine type, goals of the test, and
equipment used. Site-specific information on test times should be obtained from the maintenance
personnel performing the testing.
H2.5.2.3 Engine Fuel Flow
The default average fuel consumption rate, in pounds per minute, of an engine in each
operational mode, is provided in EPA’s Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume
IV, Chapter 5 (Reference 82) and in the ICAO Engine Exhaust Emissions Databank (Reference
27). For military aircraft, the EPA procedures document should be used.
H2.5.2.4 Engine Emission Indices
Pollutant emission indices for an aircraft engine are listed by operating mode, generally, in
pounds of pollutant per 1000 pounds of fuel consumed. Average emission index data for engines
by operating mode is included in EPA’s Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation,
Volume IV, Chapter 5 (for both civil and military aircraft engines) and in the ICAO Engine
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