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stopping (e.g., parking in a parking lot), this distance does not include any miles traveled in a
parking location. Conversely, for vehicles accessing a parking location but not stopping (e.g., a
parking lot shuttle), this distance does include all miles traveled in the parking location. For
parking lots, the distance for vehicles stopping in the parking location is the average miles
traveled from the lot entrance to a parking space to the lot exit.
G2.5 Days of Rest
The days of rest refers to the number of days that a vehicle’s engine is turned off (e.g., in an
airport parking lot). For vehicles’ trips that do not include a stop, the days of rest is 0.
G2.6 Fuel Dispensed
Using the amount of fuel dispensed in gallons is the EPA-recommended and most accurate
method for determining refueling losses. EPA recommends determining the amount of fuel
dispensed from total gasoline sales.
As discussed above, for ground access vehicles that only operate and refuel on the airport, such
as fleet vehicles (e.g., parking lot shuttle buses, rental car shuttle buses, airport fleet vehicles), all
fuel is consumed on the airport and the fleet operator typically knows the amount of fuel
dispensed and consumed. For other ground access vehicles that also are operated for purposes
other than accessing the airport (e.g., passenger vehicles, employee vehicles), attributing the
refueling losses of all gasoline in the vehicle tank would overestimate those airport-related
emissions. To more accurately estimate refueling losses of those vehicles that also operate for
non-airport purposes, emissions are estimated using only the gallons of fuel used to access the
airport. The gallons of fuel used to access the airport can be determined using the applicable
average distance traveled (e.g., passenger average distance, employee average distance) and an
average miles per gallon (mpg) estimate (e.g., 20 mpg).
G-13
G2.7 Age Distribution
The aging of highway vehicles causes deterioration in vehicle engines, vehicle exhaust systems,
and catalytic devices, creating higher rates of exhaust emissions. The age distribution of the
vehicles accessing an airport by GAV type (e.g., passenger vehicle, employee vehicle) and EPA
vehicle type should be determined, especially for airports. The age distribution of airport GAVs
is likely to vary from the general population, since flying is an indication of a degree of
affluence. If an airport or air base GAV study or regional transportation study has not been
conducted, an on-site vehicle survey may need to be conducted in order to collect this data. If
site-specific data are not available, Federal Test Procedure (FTP) default values can be used,
which are incorporated into the MOBILE model.
G2.8 Idle Time
At airports, vehicles (especially passenger vehicles) often idle for extended periods of time while
dropping-off and picking-up passengers at the airport terminal. Although the vehicle emission
indices incorporate both moving and normal idling operational modes, emissions due to extended
idling are not included. Extended idling emissions are calculated using idle emission indices
developed using the MOBILE model and the average idle time of vehicles. See EPA’s MOBILE5
Information Sheet #2: Estimating Idle Emission Factors Using MOBILE5 for more information.
G2.9 Ambient Temperature Range and Average
Both exhaust and evaporative emissions from vehicles are significantly influenced by the
ambient temperatures under which they are operating. A site-specific temperature range and
average temperature must be input into the model to accommodate for this effect. Temperature
data is available from the National Climatic Data Center (Reference 29).
G2.10 Region
Vehicle emissions also are effected by the local altitude at which they are operating. The type of
region, either low-altitude or high-altitude, is input into the model. For most situations, lowaltitude
is the appropriate choice. For those areas designated as high-altitude by the EPA or that
lie substantially above 4000 feet mean sea level, high-altitude should be selected.
G-14
Appendix H: Stationary Emission
Methodology
H-2
H-3
Appendix H: Stationary Emission
Methodology
CONTENTS
H1 OVERVIEW ________________________________________________________7
H2 COMBUSTION SOURCES____________________________________________7
H2.1 Boilers and Space Heaters________________________________________________ 8
H2.1.1 Methodology________________________________________________________________8
H2.1.2 Data Sources ________________________________________________________________8
H2.1.2.1 Rate of Fuel Consumption __________________________________________________8
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