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ozone.
The 1990 CAA Amendments established a new classification of nonattainment areas for ozone,
carbon monoxide, and particulates on the basis of the severity of present pollution levels (e.g.,
moderate and serious for carbon monoxide). Based on the classification, deadlines for achieving
attainment were set. Table C-1 lists the averaging periods and primary standards for the criteria
pollutants. Primary standards define the air quality required to prevent any adverse impact on
human health.
In addition to national standards for these pollutants, some states and local air districts have
established air quality standards that are stricter than the NAAQS. States and local standards
should be verified early in the air quality assessment process by contacting the appropriate
agencies. Appendix J addresses State Indirect Source Review (ISR) regulations.
The criteria pollutants are discussed below, including the impact of aviation sources on pollutant
levels.
C-6
Table C-1: National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
(as of November 15, 1990)
Pollutant Averaging Period Standard1
Ozone (O3) 1-hour average 0.120 ppm (235 mg/m3)
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 8-hour average 9 ppm (10 mg3)
1-hour average 35 ppm (40 mg3)
Particulate Matter
(PM-10)
24-hour average 150 mg/m3
annual arithmetic mean 50 mg/m3
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 24-hour average 365 mg/m3
annual arithmetic mean 0.03 ppm (80 mg/m3)
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) annual arithmetic mean 0.053 ppm (100 mg/m3)
Lead (Pb) annual arithmetic mean 1.5 mg/m3
C1.1 Ozone (O3)
Ozone (O3), commonly referred to as "smog," is formed in the atmosphere rather than being
directly emitted from sources. Ozone forms as a result of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) reacting in the presence of sunlight in the atmosphere. Ozone levels
thus are highest in warm-weather months. VOCs and NOx are termed "ozone precursors" and
their emissions are regulated in order to control the creation of ozone.
VOCs are created when fuels or organic waste materials are burned. Examples of significant
VOC emission sources at airports and air bases are aircraft, ground support equipment, and
ground access vehicles. VOC emissions from these sources are highest during low power settings
such as aircraft and vehicle idle. Other emission sources include aerosol sprays, dry cleaning
operations, paints, and solvents. Most hydrocarbons are presumed to be VOCs in the regulatory
context, unless otherwise specified by the EPA. In the emission inventory calculations presented
in this document, VOC emissions are not calculated directly, but instead are estimated from
calculated hydrocarbon emissions. See the VOC definition in the Glossary for the conversion
factors to apply to total hydrocarbon emissions to convert them to VOC emissions.
Two types of nitrogen oxides are emitted into the atmosphere in significant quantities: nitric
oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). NO is formed during high-temperature combustion
processes when nitrogen and oxygen react in the presence of air. NO2 is formed when NO reacts
with atmospheric oxygen (O2), and is regulated separately as a criteria pollutant (see discussion
below). When both chemical compounds are emitted, they are referred to collectively as total
oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Significant NOx sources at airports and air bases are aircraft and
1 Refers to primary standards, which define the air quality required to prevent any adverse impact on human
health.
C-7
gasoline-powered ground access vehicles. The significant NOx-producing modes of aircraft
operation are takeoff and climbout. Other emission sources include boilers and electric power
plants.
Ozone damages lung tissue, reduces lung function, and sensitizes the lungs to other irritants.
Scientific evidence indicates that ambient levels of ozone not only affect people with impaired
respiratory systems (e.g., asthmatics), but also healthy adults and children. Ozone may produce
adverse health effects such as chest discomfort, coughing, nausea, respiratory tract and eye
irritation, and decreased pulmonary functions.
C1.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odorless, colorless, and poisonous gas. Most CO is formed as a
result of incomplete combustion of organic materials used as fuel (e.g., gasoline, coal, wood).
The most significant sources of emissions at airports and air bases are aircraft and ground access
vehicles. CO emissions from these sources are highest during incomplete combustion, during
idling and low speed mobile source operations, such as aircraft taxi and vehicle idle, which are
the most prevalent CO emission sources commonly found at airports and air bases. Other
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