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due to ambient temperature changes.
A variety of coating and painting operations also are performed at airports and air bases.
Roadway and runway maintenance requires the occasional application of paint, and some aircraft
maintenance facilities may include aircraft painting. These operations usually result in the
evaporation of HC from the various coatings and solvents used.
In inclement weather, deicing of aircraft and runways is performed at many airports and air
bases. In addition, some aircraft such as the DC-9 must be deiced year-round at all airports and
air bases because it’s fuel lines are close to the skin of the aircraft, possibly resulting in the
formation of ice during the flight. Deicing fluid contains ethylene glycol or other HC that can
evaporate upon application to the aircraft or runway.
Solvent degreasing units are regularly used for aircraft and ground vehicle maintenance, paint
stripping and other miscellaneous activities utilizing organic solvents. Solvent degreasers use
organic solvents to remove fats, oils, grease, wax or soil from various metal, glass or plastic
items. There are two types of solvent degreasers commonly used: cold cleaning and open-top
vapor degreasers. Cold cleaning operations use alcohol, ketones and petroleum distillates as
solvents for parts cleaning through immersion, brushing, spraying or flushing. Open-top vapor
systems are boiling degreasers that clean by the condensation of solvent on the surface of parts
being cleaned. Each of these operations causes HC emissions due to evaporation of the solvent.
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Finally, many airports and air bases store salt and sand piles on-site for use in maintaining roads
and runways during inclement weather. Particulate matter emissions can occur during loading
and unloading of the piles and through wind erosion of the pile material.
For a detailed discussion of the stationary source emissions calculation methodologies and data
inputs see Appendix H. Models that can be used to calculate or contribute to the stationary
source portion of an emissions inventory are the Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System,
TANKS, and WIND, which are described in the following available models discussion.
3.3 Available Models
Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS) - The EPA and FAA preferred guideline
model, EDMS (Reference 57), can be used to assess air pollution at airports and air bases. The
FAA and the USAF jointly developed the EDMS, a computer program for taking inventory of
emissions from aircraft, ground support equipment, aerospace ground equipment, vehicular
traffic, training fires, and miscellaneous stationary sources. For all sources, the program allows
users the ability to specify peak hours or annual activities to examine. If an hourly activity is
given, the program uses specified operational profiles (duty cycles) to derive an annual activity.
Based on the annual activity, the model can compute an emissions inventory for annual
emissions of five pollutants: CO, HC, NOx, SO2, and PM-10.
The EDMS database stores emission factor data for aircraft in the form of aircraft engine
emission factors and aircraft-engine combinations. Aircraft operations are considered on an LTO
cycle basis with four distinct modes: approach, climbout, takeoff, and taxi. The EDMS also
stores GSE and AGE emission factors and default assignments of GSE and AGE to different
aircraft types. GSE and AGE operating times are specified in minutes per aircraft LTO.
Vehicular emission factors obtained from the EPA’s MOBILE5a and PART5 programs are stored
for the years 1988 to 2010, 14 different vehicle speeds, and temperatures from 0 to 100 degrees
Fahrenheit in 5 degree increments. To accommodate changing regulations, the user is allowed the
option of entering their own vehicular emission factor data. Additionally, emission factor
information for three different aviation fuels is stored for calculating training fire emissions.
There are several major categories of stationary sources for which emission factor data are stored
in the database. These major categories are power/heating plants, incinerators, fuel storage
tanks, surface coating facilities, and solvent degreasers. Under each category several subcategories
are defined. For miscellaneous stationary sources not found in the database, users have
the option to input their own emission factors.
The output of the emissions inventory portion of the model lists the calculated pollutant emission
totals in summary by source categories and in detail by each source.
EMFAC - EMFAC (Reference 14) is California’s version of a motor vehicle emissions model.
Default values and assumptions are appropriate for California-specific data. EMFAC is similar to
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