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Appendix D. Models that can be used to calculate the aircraft portion of an emissions inventory
are the Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System and FAA’s Aircraft Engine Emission
Database, which are both described in Section 3.3.
3.2.2 Auxiliary Power Units
An auxiliary power unit (APU) is a component of a large aircraft and essentially is a small
turbine engine. An APU generates electricity and compressed air to operate the aircraft’s
instruments, lights, ventilation, and other equipment while the main aircraft engines are shut
down. It also is used to provide power for starting the main aircraft engines. APU’s burn jet fuel
and create exhaust emissions like larger aircraft engines. APUs are common on both commercial
and military aircraft; they are not common on air taxis and smaller civil aircraft.
During a typical LTO cycle, the APU is turned on as the aircraft taxis from the runway to the
gate or parking space. It remains in use while the aircraft is parked, unless an alternative source
of electricity and preconditioned air is made available. In such cases, the APU is reactivated at
least five to ten minutes before the aircraft leaves the gate or parking space so that it will be able
to provide power for starting the aircraft’s main engines. Typically, the APU is turned off after
the main engines have been started, prior to takeoff.
For a detailed discussion of the APU emissions calculation methodology and data inputs see
Appendix E. The only model available for calculating the APU portion of an emissions inventory
is the Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System, described in Section 3.3.
3.2.3 Ground Support Equipment or Aerospace Ground Equipment
A variety of ground equipment service larger commercial and military aircraft while they unload
and load passengers and freight at an airport or air base. As a group, this equipment is known as
ground support equipment (GSE) at civilian airports and aerospace ground equipment (AGE) at
military air bases.
GSE and AGE primarily consist of the following equipment: aircraft tugs, air start units, loaders,
tractors, air-conditioning units, ground power units, cargo moving equipment, service vehicles,
buses, cars, pickups and vans. The equipment that service civilian and military aircraft vary
slightly based on the types of aircraft and operations occurring at an airport versus an air base.
GSE that operate at civilian airport, but typically are not part of the military AGE population, are
baggage tractors and belt loaders. An AGE type that operates at a military air base, but typically
is not part of a civilian GSE population, is a weapons loader.
There also is a variety of ground equipment that service airports or air bases. This equipment
may be assigned to various departments of the facility including administration, emergency
response, police department, operations, engineering and construction, automotive, mechanical
maintenance, and landscaping/gardening. The types of equipment servicing an airport or air base
vary from cars and pick-ups to generators and lawn mowers. There also are GSE associated with
the maintenance of the airport that can have a seasonal and regional variability, such as snow
plows. This airport equipment also is included in a GSE or AGE inventory.
For a detailed discussion of the GSE or AGE emissions calculation methodology and data inputs
see Appendix F. The only model available for calculating the GSE or AGE portion of an
emissions inventory is the Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System, described in Section 3.3.
26
3.2.4 Ground Access Vehicles
Ground access vehicles (GAV) encompass all on-road or highway vehicle trips generated by the
airport or air base action. GAV include all vehicles traveling to and from, as well as within the
airport or air base (excluding those GSE or AGE used for servicing the aircraft and airport or air
base). On-road and highway vehicles include privately-owned vehicles, military governmentowned
vehicles, rental cars, shuttles, buses, taxicabs and trucks.
Due to varying emission characteristics, the EPA (Reference 81) divides on-road vehicles into
eight categories based: on duty cycle (i.e., light or heavy duty), fuel (i.e., gasoline or diesel), and
type (i.e., vehicle, truck, or motorcycle):
· light-duty gasoline-fueled passenger cars,
· light-duty gasoline fueled trucks with a gross vehicle weight (GVW) rating of 6000
pounds or less,
· light-duty gasoline-fueled trucks with a GVW between 6001 and 8500 pounds,
· heavy-duty gasoline-fueled vehicles with a GVW exceeding 8500 pounds,
· light-duty diesel-fueled passenger cars,
· light duty diesel-fueled trucks with a GVW of 8500 pounds or less,
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Air Quality Handbook航空质量手册(22)
