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electricity. For more information on APU emission reductions, see the FAA and EPA’s
Technical Data to Support FAA’s Advisory Circular on Reducing Emissions from Commercial
Aviation (Reference 52) or visit the EPA’s Office of Mobile Sources (OMS) On-line Bulletin
Board System (Reference 75).
6.3 Ground Support Equipment
GSE commonly are fueled by gasoline or diesel, termed conventional fuels. Replacing
conventional fueled GSE with GSE that operate on other fuels is the most effective way to
reduce GSE emissions. Alternatives to gasoline and diesel include compressed natural gas
(CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG - commonly propane), and
electricity. Many different types of GSE are commercially available that operate on alternative
fuels or electricity. From an emissions perspective, equipment originally designed to use these
fuels give much better environmental performance than equipment that is converted from using a
conventional fuel to use an alternative fuel or electricity. Benefits of changing from a
conventional fuel to an alternative fuel or electricity can be evaluated by comparing the emission
factors of two engines of the same size that use different fuels. With electric equipment there are
no emissions from the equipment itself, although some emissions are released by the power plant
that generates the electricity. Power plant emissions generally are small and often are emitted
outside of the local area. Electric GSE have the lowest amount of emissions attributed to them (in
comparison with conventional fueled, CNG, LNG, and LPG GSE). Therefore, replacing
conventional fueled GSE with electric GSE results in the greatest emission reduction. For more
information on GSE emission reductions see the FAA and EPA’s Technical Data to Support
FAA’s Advisory Circular on Reducing Emissions from Commercial Aviation.
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7. REFERENCES
This section provides a list of documents, models, and sources referenced in the handbook. The
reference list also identifies how to obtain or contact the reference (e.g., a publication number).
Following the reference list is an annotated reference list, which includes a brief summary of
each reference.
7.1.1 Reference List
1 U.S.C. 47106(c)(1)(B) as amended (formerly sections 509(b)(5) and (b)(7) of the Airport and
Airway Improvement Act of 1982 as amended).
2 Bucher & Co, Publikationen, 1994. JP Airline-Fleets International 94/95, Switzerland
(orders taken through BUCHair (USA) Inc., P.O. Box 750515, Forest Hills, New York
11375-0515, (718) 349-4828.
3 CAL3QHC, available on EPA’s Support Center for Regulatory Air Models (SCRAM)
Bulletin Board System, a component of EPA’s Technology Transfer Network (TTN).
4 CALINE3, NTIS Computer Product No. PB 80-220833 or available on EPA’s Support
Center for Regulatory Air Models (SCRAM) Bulletin Board System, a component of EPA’s
Technology Transfer Network (TTN).
5 Clean Air Act (CAA), as amended, 42 U.S.C. section 7401 et seq. (Public Law 91-604, 101-
549) (Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations Parts 9, 50-53, 60, 61, 66, 67, 81, 82, and 93).
6 Climatological Dispersion Model (CDM), available on EPA’s Support Center for Regulatory
Air Models (SCRAM) Bulletin Board System, a component of EPA’s Technology Transfer
Network (TTN).
7 Code of Federal Regulations (Title 40 Part 93, Subpart B). “Determining Conformity of
General Federal Actions to State or Federal Implementation Plans.”
8 Code of Federal Regulations (Title 40 Part 51, Appendix W, July 1, 1994). “Guideline on Air
Quality Models (Revised),” EPA Publication No. EPA-450/2-78-027R.
9 Code of Federal Regulations (Title 40 Parts 1500-1508). “Council on Environmental Quality
(CEQ) Regulations for Implementing the Procedural Provisions of the NEPA” (43 Federal
Register (FR) 55978, November 29, 1978).
10 Complex Terrain Dispersion Model Plus Algorithms for Unstable Situations (CTDMPLUS),
NTIS Computer Product or available on EPA Support Center for Regulatory Air Models
(SCRAM) Bulletin Board System, a component of EPA’s Technology Transfer Network
(TTN).
11 Council on Environmental Quality, 722 Jackson Place NW, Washington, DC 20006; (202)
395-5750.
12 Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). Cameron Station, Building 5, Alexandria,
Virginia 22304-6145, (703) 274-6886.
13 Dickson, Cheryl L. and Paul W. Woodward, March 1990. Aviation Turbine Fuels, 1989.
Published by the Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research, Bartlesville, OK.
14 EMFAC. Air Resources Board (ARB), Mobile Source Control Division, El Monte, CA.
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15 Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc., December 1988. Feasibility of Controlling
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