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· heavy-duty diesel-fueled vehicles with a GVW exceeding 8500 pounds, and
· motorcycles (vehicles with no more than three wheels in contact with the ground and
curb weight less than 1500 pounds).
There are both on-airport and off-airport emission from GAV. To capture the total emissions
from GAV, the full round-trip operation of the vehicle is tracked, from the time the vehicle is
started at its point of origin (e.g., an employee’s home), arrives at the airport or air base location
(e.g., an airport parking lot or the main terminal), departs the airport or air base location, and
reaches its point of destination. Usually, due to the lack of detailed GAV trip data, an average
trip distance is used to represent full round-trip operation of GAVs.
For a detailed discussion of the GAV emissions calculation methodology and data inputs see
Appendix G. Models that can be used to calculate or contribute to the GAV portion of an
emissions inventory are the Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System, MOBILE5a, EMFAC,
and PART5, which are described in Section 3.3.
3.2.5 Stationary Sources
Stationary sources of air emissions at airports and air bases consist of both combustion and noncombustion
sources. Typical sources include: boilers, space heaters, emergency generators,
incinerators, fire training facilities, aircraft engine testing facilities, fuel storage tanks, painting
operations, deicing operations, solvent degreasers and sand/salt piles.
The combustion sources tend to produce a variety of air pollutants that are released to the
atmosphere with combustion gases. These pollutants include: HC, CO, NOx, PM-10 and SO2. The
venting of combustion gases to the atmosphere results in the emission of these pollutants,
although emissions may be reduced through the use of air pollution control techniques or devices
at the source.
Airports and air bases operate boilers and space heaters to fulfill much of their heating and power
generation requirements. These stationary combustion sources burn several different fuel types,
most commonly fuel oil, diesel, natural gas, or occasionally jet fuel. Coal combustion is limited
to large heating and power plants on some air bases.
27
Emergency generators at airports and air bases typically are fixed in place and located throughout
the site to provide supplementary or emergency power. These generators are likely powered by
gasoline or diesel-fueled reciprocating engines.
Incinerators at airports and air bases likely are small industrial or commercial combustors for the
disposal of food wastes (e.g., from international flights) or other refuse. Large municipal waste
combustors (MWC) are unlikely to be operated at airports or air bases.
Some major airports and air bases operate on-site aircraft rescue and fire fighting (ARFF)
training facilities. In these facilities, fuel is burned in a pit or a mockup of an aircraft to simulate
emergency situations that may occur at the site. The amount of fuel burned and time of burning
depend upon the particular training exercise being performed and type of equipment in use.
Aircraft engine testing also is performed at some airports and air bases as part of regular aircraft
maintenance cycles. In general, testing at commercial airports is limited to uninstalled engines in
enclosed test cells. These tests are often performed following overhaul or repair of the engine to
determine air worthiness, engine safety performance and fuel efficiency. During the test, the
engine is mounted in a special enclosed cell that restricts noise but allows air to flow through at
speeds simulating aircraft flight. Engine thrust and other essential performance parameters are
measured as the engine is taken through a sequence of power settings. At military bases, a large
part of aircraft engine testing is also performed in enclosed test cells, but engines also are
routinely tested when they are attached to the aircraft. This “trim” testing is commonly
performed on the airfield apron or pad, with no additional noise or emission controls.
The non-combustion stationary sources at airports and air bases tend to emit only one type of
pollutant instead of the full range produced by combustion sources. Many sources have
evaporative emissions of HC as the only air pollution of concern. Sand and salt piles, on the
other hand, emit particulate matter to the atmosphere during loading, unloading and wind erosion
of the piles.
Airports and air bases may store large quantities of jet fuel, aviation gasoline, diesel fuel and
other fuel types in storage tanks on site. Evaporative HC emissions from the tanks occur during
fuel loading and unloading as well as during daily expansion and contraction of the tank contents
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Air Quality Handbook航空质量手册(23)
