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per minute. The top light is normally installed near
the top of the supporting structure, while the lower
light indicates the approximate lower portion of the
AIM 2/19/04
2−2−2 Air Navigation and Obstruction Lighting
wire span. The lights are beamed towards the
companion structure and identify the area of the wire
span.
d. High intensity flashing white lights are also
employed to identify tall structures, such as chimneys
and towers, as obstructions to air navigation. The
lights provide a 360 degree coverage about the
structure at 40 flashes per minute and consist of from
one to seven levels of lights depending upon the
height of the structure. Where more than one level is
used the vertical banks flash simultaneously.
2/19/04 AIM
Airport Marking Aids and Signs 2−3−1
Section 3. Airport Marking Aids and Signs
2−3−1. General
a. Airport pavement markings and signs provide
information that is useful to a pilot during takeoff,
landing, and taxiing.
b. Uniformity in airport markings and signs from
one airport to another enhances safety and improves
efficiency. Pilots are encouraged to work with the
operators of the airports they use to achieve the
marking and sign standards described in this section.
c. Pilots who encounter ineffective, incorrect, or
confusing markings or signs on an airport should
make the operator of the airport aware of the problem.
These situations may also be reported under the
Aviation Safety Reporting Program as described in
paragraph 7−6−1, Aviation Safety Reporting Program.
Pilots may also report these situations to the
FAA regional airports division.
d. The markings and signs described in this
section of the AIM reflect the current FAA
recommended standards.
REFERENCE−
AC 150/5340−1, Standards for Airport Markings.
AC 150/5340−18, Standards for Airport Sign Systems.
2−3−2. Airport Pavement Markings
a. General. For the purpose of this presentation
the Airport Pavement Markings have been grouped
into four areas:
1. Runway Markings.
2. Taxiway Markings.
3. Holding Position Markings.
4. Other Markings.
b. Marking Colors. Markings for runways are
white. Markings defining the landing area on a
heliport are also white except for hospital heliports
which use a red “H” on a white cross. Markings for
taxiways, areas not intended for use by aircraft
(closed and hazardous areas), and holding positions
(even if they are on a runway) are yellow.
2−3−3. Runway Markings
a. General. There are three types of markings for
runways: visual, nonprecision instrument, and
precision instrument. TBL 2−3−1 identifies the
marking elements for each type of runway and
TBL 2−3−2 identifies runway threshold markings.
TBL 2−3−1
Runway Marking Elements
Marking Element Visual Runway
Nonprecision
Instrument
Runway
Precision
Instrument
Runway
Designation X X X
Centerline X X X
Threshold X1 X X
Aiming Point X2 X X
Touchdown Zone X
Side Stripes X
1 On runways used, or intended to be used, by international commercial transports.
2 On runways 4,000 feet (1200 m) or longer used by jet aircraft.
AIM 2/19/04
2−3−2 Airport Marking Aids and Signs
FIG 2−3−1
Precision Instrument Runway Markings
THRESHOLD MARKINGS
CONFIGURATION 'B'
NUMBER OF STRIPES
RELATED TO RUNWAY
WIDTH - SEE TEXT
20
L
AIMING POINT
MARKING
CENTERLINE
TOUCHDOWN ZONE
MARKING
THRESHOLD
THRESHOLD MARKINGS
CONFIGURATION 'A'
DESIGNATION MARKINGS
b. Runway Designators. Runway numbers and
letters are determined from the approach direction.
The runway number is the whole number nearest
one-tenth the magnetic azimuth of the centerline of
the runway, measured clockwise from the magnetic
north. The letters, differentiate between left (L),
right (R), or center (C), parallel runways, as
applicable:
1. For two parallel runways “L” “R.”
2. For three parallel runways “L” “C” “R.”
c. Runway Centerline Marking. The runway
centerline identifies the center of the runway and
provides alignment guidance during takeoff and
landings. The centerline consists of a line of
uniformly spaced stripes and gaps.
d. Runway Aiming Point Marking. The aiming
point marking serves as a visual aiming point for a
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