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soon as possible. In this event, the altitude/flight level
of the aircraft at the clearance limit will be protected
so that separation will be provided as required.
4. When an aircraft is 3 minutes or less from a
clearance limit and a clearance beyond the fix has not
been received, the pilot is expected to start a speed
reduction so that the aircraft will cross the fix,
initially, at or below the maximum holding airspeed.
5. When no delay is expected, the controller
should issue a clearance beyond the fix as soon as
possible and, whenever possible, at least 5 minutes
before the aircraft reaches the clearance limit.
6. Pilots should report to ATC the time and
altitude/flight level at which the aircraft reaches the
clearance limit and report leaving the clearance limit.
NOTE−
In the event of two−way communications failure, pilots are
required to comply with 14 CFR Section 91.185.
4−4−4. Amended Clearances
a. Amendments to the initial clearance will be
issued at any time an air traffic controller deems such
action necessary to avoid possible confliction
between aircraft. Clearances will require that a flight
“hold” or change altitude prior to reaching the point
where standard separation from other IFR traffic
would no longer exist.
NOTE−
Some pilots have questioned this action and requested
“traffic information” and were at a loss when the reply
indicated “no traffic report.” In such cases the controller
has taken action to prevent a traffic confliction which
would have occurred at a distant point.
2/17/05 AIM
ATC Clearances and Aircraft Separation 4−4−3
b. A pilot may wish an explanation of the handling
of the flight at the time of occurrence; however,
controllers are not able to take time from their
immediate control duties nor can they afford to
overload the ATC communications channels to
furnish explanations. Pilots may obtain an explanation
by directing a letter or telephone call to the chief
controller of the facility involved.
c. Pilots have the privilege of requesting a
different clearance from that which has been issued
by ATC if they feel that they have information which
would make another course of action more
practicable or if aircraft equipment limitations or
company procedures forbid compliance with the
clearance issued.
4−4−5. Special VFR Clearances
a. An ATC clearance must be obtained prior to
operating within a Class B, Class C, Class D, or
Class E surface area when the weather is less than that
required for VFR flight. A VFR pilot may request and
be given a clearance to enter, leave, or operate within
most Class D and Class E surface areas and some
Class B and Class C surface areas in special VFR
conditions, traffic permitting, and providing such
flight will not delay IFR operations. All special VFR
flights must remain clear of clouds. The visibility
requirements for special VFR aircraft (other than
helicopters) are:
1. At least 1 statute mile flight visibility for
operations within Class B, Class C, Class D, and
Class E surface areas.
2. At least 1 statute mile ground visibility if
taking off or landing. If ground visibility is not
reported at that airport, the flight visibility must be at
least 1 statute mile.
3. The restrictions in subparagraphs 1 and 2 do
not apply to helicopters. Helicopters must remain
clear of clouds and may operate in Class B, Class C,
Class D, and Class E surface areas with less than
1 statute mile visibility.
b. When a control tower is located within the
Class B, Class C, or Class D surface area, requests for
clearances should be to the tower. In a Class E surface
area, a clearance may be obtained from the nearest
tower, FSS, or center.
c. It is not necessary to file a complete flight plan
with the request for clearance, but pilots should state
their intentions in sufficient detail to permit ATC to
fit their flight into the traffic flow. The clearance will
not contain a specific altitude as the pilot must remain
clear of clouds. The controller may require the pilot
to fly at or below a certain altitude due to other traffic,
but the altitude specified will permit flight at or above
the minimum safe altitude. In addition, at radar
locations, flights may be vectored if necessary for
control purposes or on pilot request.
NOTE−
The pilot is responsible for obstacle or terrain clearance.
REFERENCE−
14 CFR Section 91.119, Minimum safe altitudes: General..
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AIM航空信息手册2004上(133)
