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and/or audible, such as a flashing display symbol or
a headset tone. A target is a threat if the time to the
closest approach in vertical and horizontal coordinates
is less than 30 seconds and the closest approach
is expected to be within 500 feet vertically and
0.5 nautical miles laterally.
(b) TIS Traffic. TIS traffic data is displayed.
(c) Coasting. The TIS display is more than
6 seconds old. This indicates a missing uplink from
the ground system. When the TIS display information
is more than 12 seconds old, the “No Traffic” status
will be indicated.
AIM 2/17/05
4−5−12 Surveillance Systems
(d) No Traffic. No intruders meet proximate
or alert criteria. This condition may exist when the
TIS system is fully functional or may indicate
“coasting” between 12 and 59 seconds old (see (c)
above).
(e) TIS Unavailable. The pilot has requested
TIS, but no ground system is available. This
condition will also be displayed when TIS uplinks are
missing for 60 seconds or more.
(f) TIS Disabled. The pilot has not requested
TIS or has disconnected from TIS.
(g) Good−bye. The client aircraft has flown
outside of TIS coverage.
NOTE−
Depending on the avionics manufacturer implementation,
it is possible that some of these messages will not be directly
available to the pilot.
5. Depending on avionics system design, TIS
may be presented to the pilot in a variety of different
displays, including text and/or graphics. Voice
annunciation may also be used, either alone or in
combination with a visual display. FIG 4−5−6,
Traffic Information Service (TIS), Avionics Block
Diagram, shows an example of a TIS display using
symbology similar to the Traffic Alert and Collision
Avoidance System (TCAS) installed on most
passenger air carrier/commuter aircraft in the U.S.
The small symbol in the center represents the client
aircraft and the display is oriented “track up,” with the
12 o’clock position at the top. The range rings
indicate 2 and 5 NM. Each intruder is depicted by a
symbol positioned at the approximate relative
bearing and range from the client aircraft. The
circular symbol near the center indicates an “alert”
intruder and the diamond symbols indicate “proximate”
intruders.
6. The inset in the lower right corner of
FIG 4−5−6, Traffic Information Service (TIS),
Avionics Block Diagram, shows a possible TIS data
block display. The following information is contained
in this data block:
(a) The intruder, located approximately
four o’clock, three miles, is a “proximate” aircraft
and currently not a collision threat to the client
aircraft. This is indicated by the diamond symbol
used in this example.
(b) The intruder ground track diverges to the
right of the client aircraft, indicated by the small
arrow.
(c) The intruder altitude is 700 feet less than
or below the client aircraft, indicated by the “−07”
located under the symbol.
(d) The intruder is descending >500 fpm,
indicated by the downward arrow next to the “−07”
relative altitude information. The absence of this
arrow when an altitude tag is present indicates level
flight or a climb/descent rate less than 500 fpm.
NOTE−
If the intruder did not have an operating altitude encoder
(Mode C), the altitude and altitude trend “tags” would
have been omitted.
d. Limitations
1. TIS is NOT intended to be used as a collision
avoidance system and does not relieve the pilot
responsibility to “see and avoid” other aircraft (see
paragraph 5−5−8, See and Avoid). TIS shall not be for
avoidance maneuvers during IMC or other times
when there is no visual contact with the intruder
aircraft. TIS is intended only to assist in visual
acquisition of other aircraft in VMC. No recommended
avoidance maneuvers are provided for,
nor authorized, as a direct result of a TIS intruder
display or TIS alert.
2. While TIS is a useful aid to visual traffic
avoidance, it has some system limitations that must
be fully understood to ensure proper use. Many of
these limitations are inherent in secondary radar
surveillance. In other words, the information
provided by TIS will be no better than that provided
to ATC. Other limitations and anomalies are
associated with the TIS predictive algorithm.
(a) Intruder Display Limitations. TIS will
only display aircraft with operating transponders
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AIM航空信息手册2004上(147)
