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decisions. In addition, the availability and suitability
of particular sensors/systems should be considered.
(a) GPS. Operators using TSO−C129 systems
should ensure departure and arrival airports are
entered to ensure proper RAIM availability and CDI
sensitivity.
(b) DME/DME. Operators should be aware
that DME/DME position updating is dependent on
FMS logic and DME facility proximity, availability,
and signal masking. The available number and
geometry of facilities influences DME/DME performance.
(c) VOR/DME. Unique VOR characteristics
may result in less accurate values from
VOR/DME position updating than from GPS or
DME/DME position updating.
(d) Inertial Navigation. Inertial reference
units and inertial navigation systems are often
coupled with other types of navigation inputs, e.g.,
DME/DME or GPS, to improve overall navigation
system performance.
NOTE−
Specific inertial position updating requirements may
apply.
4. Flight Management System (FMS). A
flight management system is an integrated system
consisting of airborne sensors, receivers, computers,
and a navigation database. These systems may also
provide performance and RNAV guidance to displays
and automatic flight control systems.
Inputs can be accepted from multiple sources such as
the GPS, DME, VOR, LOC and IRU. These inputs
may be applied to a navigation solution one at a time
or in combination. Some FMSs provide for the
detection and isolation of faulty navigation information.
When appropriate navigation signals are available,
FMSs will normally rely on GPS and/or DME/DME
for position updates. Other inputs may be incorporated
based on FMS system architecture and
navigation source geometry.
2/19/04 AIM
1−2−4 Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP)
1−2−2. Required Navigation Performance
(RNP)
a. General. RNP is intended to provide a single
performance standard for aircraft manufacturers,
airspace designers, pilots, controllers, and international
aviation authorities. Some RNP procedures
will take advantage of improved navigation capabilities
and will result in increased flight path
predictability and repeatability.
Typically, various sensor inputs are processed by an
RNAV system to arrive at a position estimate having
a high−statistical degree of accuracy and confidence.
When RNP is specified, a combination of systems
may be used, provided the aircraft can achieve the
required navigation performance.
While it has been a goal for RNP to be sensor−generic,
this goal is unachievable as long as the aircraft
capability is in any way dependent on external
signals. The aircraft navigation system always consists
of specific sensors or sensor combinations and
the navigation infrastructure consists of specific
systems.
The RNP capability of an aircraft will vary depending
upon the aircraft equipment and the navigation
infrastructure. For example, an aircraft may be
equipped and certified for RNP 1.0, but may not be
capable of RNP 1.0 operations due to limited navaid
coverage.
b. RNP Operations
1. RNP Levels. An RNP “level” or “type” is
applicable to a selected airspace, route, or procedure.
ICAO has defined RNP values for the four typical
navigation phases of flight: oceanic, en route,
terminal, and approach. As defined in the Pilot/Controller
Glossary, the RNP Level or Type is a value
typically expressed as a distance in nautical miles
from the intended centerline of a procedure, route, or
path. RNP applications also account for potential
errors at some multiple of RNP level (e.g., twice the
RNP level).
(a) Standard RNP Levels. U.S. standard
values supporting typical RNP airspace are as
specified in TBL 1−2−1 below. Other RNP levels as
identified by ICAO, other states and the FAA may
also be used.
TBL 1−2−1
U.S. Standard RNP Levels
RNP Level Typical Application Primary Route Width (NM) −
Centerline to Boundary
0.3 Approach 0.3
1 Terminal 1.0
2 Terminal and
En Route
2.0
NOTE−
1. The “performance” of the navigation equipment in RNP refers not only to the level of accuracy of a particular sensor
or aircraft navigation system, but also to the degree of precision with which the aircraft will be flown.
2. Specific required flight procedures may vary for different RNP levels.
AIM 2/19/04
Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP) 1−2−5
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