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desired by ATC. If unable to obtain holding
instructions prior to reaching the fix (due to
frequency congestion, stuck microphone, etc.), then
enter a standard pattern on the course on which the
aircraft approached the fix and request further
clearance as soon as possible. In this event, the
altitude/flight level of the aircraft at the clearance
limit will be protected so that separation will be
provided as required.
2/19/04 AIM
En Route Procedures 5−3−9
d. When an aircraft is 3 minutes or less from a
clearance limit and a clearance beyond the fix has not
been received, the pilot is expected to start a speed
reduction so that the aircraft will cross the fix,
initially, at or below the maximum holding airspeed.
e. When no delay is expected, the controller
should issue a clearance beyond the fix as soon as
possible and, whenever possible, at least 5 minutes
before the aircraft reaches the clearance limit.
f. Pilots should report to ATC the time and
altitude/flight level at which the aircraft reaches the
clearance limit and report leaving the clearance limit.
NOTE−
In the event of two-way communications failure, pilots are
required to comply with 14 CFR Section 91.185.
g. When holding at a VOR station, pilots should
begin the turn to the outbound leg at the time of the
first complete reversal of the to/from indicator.
h. Patterns at the most generally used holding
fixes are depicted (charted) on U.S. Government or
commercially produced (meeting FAA requirements)
Low or High Altitude Enroute, Area and STAR
Charts. Pilots are expected to hold in the pattern
depicted unless specifically advised otherwise by
ATC.
NOTE−
Holding patterns that protect for a maximum holding
airspeed other than the standard may be depicted by an
icon, unless otherwise depicted. The icon is a standard
holding pattern symbol (racetrack) with the airspeed
restriction shown in the center. In other cases, the airspeed
restriction will be depicted next to the standard holding
pattern symbol.
REFERENCE−
AIM, Holding, Paragraph 5−3−7j2.
i. An ATC clearance requiring an aircraft to hold
at a fix where the pattern is not charted will include
the following information: (See FIG 5−3−2.)
1. Direction of holding from the fix in terms of
the eight cardinal compass points (i.e., N, NE, E, SE,
etc.).
2. Holding fix (the fix may be omitted if
included at the beginning of the transmission as the
clearance limit).
3. Radial, course, bearing, airway or route on
which the aircraft is to hold.
4. Leg length in miles if DME or RNAV is to be
used (leg length will be specified in minutes on pilot
request or if the controller considers it necessary).
5. Direction of turn if left turns are to be made,
the pilot requests, or the controller considers it
necessary.
6. Time to expect further clearance and any
pertinent additional delay information.
AIM 2/19/04
5−3−10 En Route Procedures
FIG 5−3−2
Holding Patterns
TYPICAAL PROCEDURE ON AAN ILS OUTER MAARKER
EXAMPLES OF HOLDING
L OM M M
RUNWAY
VOR
VOR
TYPICAL PROCEDURE AT INTERSECTION
OF VOR RAADIAALS
HOLDING COURSE
AWAY FROM NAVAID
HOLDING COURSE
TOWARD NAVAID
VORTAC
115 NM DME FFIIX 10 NM DME FIIX
TYPIICAL PROCEDURE AT DME FIIX
8/5/04 AIM
En Route Procedures 5−3−11
FIG 5−3−3
Holding Pattern Descriptive Terms
ABEAM
HOLDING SIDE
OUTBOUND
END
HOLDING
COURSE
OUTBOUND
INBOUND
NONHOLDING SIDE
FIX END
RECIPROCAL
FIX
j. Holding pattern airspace protection is based on
the following procedures.
1. Descriptive Terms.
(a) Standard Pattern. Right turns
(See FIG 5−3−3.)
(b) Nonstandard Pattern. Left turns
2. Airspeeds.
(a) All aircraft may hold at the following
altitudes and maximum holding airspeeds:
TBL 5−3−1
Altitude (MSL) Airspeed (KIAS)
MHA − 6,000’ 200
6,001’ − 14,000’ 230
14,001’ and above 265
(b) The following are exceptions to the
maximum holding airspeeds:
(1) Holding patterns from 6,001’ to
14,000’ may be restricted to a maximum airspeed of
210 KIAS. This nonstandard pattern will be depicted
by an icon.
(2) Holding patterns may be restricted to a
maximum airspeed of 175 KIAS. An icon will depict
this nonstandard pattern. Pilots of aircraft unable to
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