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other sediment contamination. Avgas is more probable to
have water in the fuel tanks because auto gas typically has
alcohol in it to boost the octane. Alcohol absorbs water,
running it harmlessly through the system.
When using 100LL Avgas, water tends to accumulate in
fuel tanks from condensation, particularly in partially fi lled
tanks. Because water is heavier than fuel, it tends to collect
in the low points of the fuel system. If Avgas is used, drain
any water from the low point in the system.
Oil
A four-stroke engine’s oil level should be checked during
each prefl ight and rechecked with each refueling. Fourstroke
engines can be expected to consume a small amount
of oil during normal operation. If consumption grows or
suddenly changes, qualifi ed maintenance personnel should
investigate.
If the Rotax 912 oil level is low when the oil is checked,
rotate the propeller in the correct direction (counterclockwise,
facing it) to pump any oil from the engine back into the oil
tank for a proper measurement and recheck oil level before
adding oil. [Figure 5-60]
Check the reservoir level of two-stroke engines with oil
injection at each gas fi ll-up. It is also very important to ensure
the oil reservoir has clear air vent holes to allow continuous
fl ow of oil to lubricate the engine. Always use the same type
of oil because different types of oil harden and stop the oil
injection process, resulting in a seized engine. Additionally,
5-22
Figure 5-62. Pilot briefing the passenger on how to fasten and
unfasten helmet.
Liquid Cooled Resevoir
Oil Injection Level
Rotary Inlet Valve Oil Level
Figure 5-61. Two-stroke engine showing oil injection reservoir
and level, rotary inlet valve reservoir and level, and liquid cooled
reservoir for checking coolant levels.
check to see if the oil injection system lines from the tank
to the carburetors are clean and secure. Some two-stroke
engines have a separate lubrication system for the inlet rotary
valve; this system should be checked for proper level and
leaks. [Figure 5-61] When adding fuel and oil, ensure that
the caps has been securely replaced.
Ready Aircraft To Enter Flight Deck
Either before or after the routine prefl ight inspection, the
aircraft should be unsecured, positioned for starting, and
readied to enter the fl ight deck. A checklist provides the
basic steps.
• Untie aircraft, secure tie down ropes in aircraft, or coil
neatly if they stay at airport.
• Remove ground chocks and secure in aircraft.
• Locate a suitable area to start engine that is free of dirt
and has minimal dust, preferably a paved or grassy
area away from people and objects.
• Position aircraft so prop blast is clear; verify that
brakes are on, throttle is closed, and propeller area is
cleared.
• Position into wind, if possible, for best cooling during
warm up.
Occupant Prefl ight Brief
A prefl ight briefi ng is required to ensure the passenger is
informed on the proper use of safety equipment and exit
information. This can be done before entering the aircraft,
and must be accomplished before starting the engine.
Manufacturers of S-LSA aircraft typically have printed
briefing cards that should be used. The following is a
comprehensive checklist that can be used as a guideline for
any prefl ight briefi ng:
• Seat belt fasten and unfasten procedures. Seat belts
must be worn for takeoff and landing (and should
always be worn during fl ight).
• What passengers can hold onto and what not to
touch.
• Positive exchange of controls using a three step
process : “You take the controls,” “I have the controls,”
“You have the controls.”
• Look for other ground and air traffi c.
• Flight deck entrance and exit procedures including
emergency exit.
• Ballistic parachute operation procedures.
• Engine-out situation and procedures for planned fl ight
with diversions.
• Hand signals in case electric loads must be shut off
or internal aircraft communications not functioning.
• Water landings with engine-out situation, if planned
fl ight over water.
• Ensure nothing can fall out of pockets while in fl ight.
This is especially important since the propeller is in
back.
• Helmet fastening and unfastening procedure.
[Figure 5-62]
• Review the type of aircraft (special or experimental)
which is not an FAA certified standard category
aircraft.
5-23
Figure 5-63. Pilot fastens helmet and reviews checklist while in
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Weight-Shift Control Aircraft Flying Handbook(62)
