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Hypothermia is an important factor and knowledge
requirement in the WSC Practical Test Standards. Cold
temperatures for long periods reduce the inner body core
temperature when the heat produced by the body is less than
the amount of heat being lost to the body’s surroundings.
This loss of heat is highly accelerated in WSC open fl ight
decks with wind chill. The fi rst symptom of fl ying a WSC
aircraft is cold hands because of exposure to wind chill.
Symptoms continue with other parts of the body becoming
cold until the entire body feels cold. Hypothermia results in
weakness, shivering, lack of physical control, and slurred
speech followed by unconsciousness and death. Dressing
warm and/or aircraft heating systems to help the pilot remain
warm during flight prevents hypothermia. Motorcycle
gloves and socks that run off the aircraft electric system
are commonly used and can keep a pilot from getting cold.
[Figure 1-21] Also, carrying an appropriate survival kit
1-14
Flight Fitness | The “I’m Safe” Checklist
Illness Do I have an illness or any symptoms of
an illness?
Medication Have I been taking prescription or
over-the-counter drugs?
Stress Am I under psychological pressure from my
job? Worried about financial matters, health
problems, or family discord?
Alcohol Have I been drinking within eight hours?
Within 24 hours?
Fatigue Am I tired and not adequately rested?
Eating Am I adequately nourished?
I
M
S
A
F
E
Figure 1-22. Prior to flight, a pilot should assess overall fitness.
prepares a pilot against hypothermia if forced down in cold
temperatures.
Medical Summary
Before approaching the WSC aircraft, a pilot must take
a moment to refl ect upon current medical, physical, and
psychological conditions. During this time, a pilot should
evaluate his or her ability to conduct the fl ight considering
self, passenger, and people and property on the ground.
Using the “I’M SAFE” checklist is a smart way to start a
prefl ight before getting to the WSC aircraft. Prior to fl ight,
assess overall fi tness as well as the aircraft’s airworthiness.
[Figure 1-22]
Chapter Summary
This chapter provides basic knowledge that is essential for
WSC pilots and should serve as a starting point for them.
However, there are many other handbooks, advisories, and
regulations with which all WSC pilots should become familiar
as their maturity within the aeronautical realm increases
and/or the need for greater depth of understanding becomes
necessary due to location, temperature, altitude, etc.
2-1
Introduction
This chapter focuses on the aerodynamic fundamentals unique
to weight-shift control (WSC) operations. The portions of the
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (FAA-H-8083-
25) on principles of fl ight and aerodynamics apply to WSC
and are a prerequisite to reading this chapter.
Aerodynamic Terms
Airfoil is the term used for a surface on an aircraft that
produces lift, typically the wing itself. Although many
different airfoil designs exist, all airfoils produce lift in a
similar manner. Camber refers to the curvature of a wing
Aerodynamics
Chapter 2
2-2
Chord Line
Upper Camber
Lower Camber
Chord Line
Upper Camber
Lower Camber
Relative Wind
Flightpath
Single Surface Wing
Double Surface Wing
Trailing Edge
Leading Edge
Figure 2-1. WSC airfoil terms showing a single surface and a
double surface wing.
CG
Top View
Leading Edge Trailing Edge
Sweep Angle
Flightpath
Wing Tip
Wing Root Chord
Tip Chord
Nose Angle
Wing Chords
Quarter Chord
Figure 2-3. Top view of a WSC wing and aerodynamic terms.
Chord Line
Typical Airplane Airfoil
Airplane Airfoil
WSC Airfoil
Airfoil Shape of WSC Compared to Airplane
WSC High Point
Farther forward
for stable airfoil
Airplane High Point
WSC Airfoil
Figure 2-2. Airplane airfoil compared to WSC airfoil.
when looking at a cross-section. A wing possesses upper
camber on its top surface and lower camber on its bottom
surface. WSC airfoils can be single surface, with one piece of
fabric for most of the airfoil, for slower wings. Faster airfoils
have two surfaces and are called double surface wings, which
are more like an airplane wing. [Figure 2-1] This double
surface allows the wing structure to be enclosed inside the
wing, similar to an airplane wing, reducing drag and allowing
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Weight-Shift Control Aircraft Flying Handbook(15)
