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traffi c. Every fl ight begins and ends at an airport. An airport,
as defi ned by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations
(14 CFR) section 1.1, is an area of land or water that is
used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of
aircraft. For this reason, it is essential pilots learn the traffi c
rules, procedures, and patterns that may be in use at various
airports.
When an automobile is driven on congested city streets, it
can be brought to a stop to give way to confl icting traffi c;
however, an aircraft can only be slowed down. Consequently,
specifi c traffi c patterns and traffi c control procedures have
been established at designated airports. Traffi c patterns
provide specifi c routes for takeoffs, departures, arrivals,
and landings. The exact nature of each airport traffic
pattern is dependent on the runway in use, wind conditions,
obstructions, and other factors.
Airport Traffi c Patterns
Chapter 10
10-2
Airport Operations
Airports vary in complexity from small grass or sod
strips to major terminals having multiple paved runways
and taxiways. Regardless of the type of airport, the pilot
must know and abide by the rules and general operating
procedures applicable to the airport being used. These rules
and procedures are based not only on logic or common sense
but also on courtesy, and their objective is to keep air traffi c
moving with maximum safety and effi ciency. The use of
any traffi c pattern, service, or procedure does not alter the
responsibility of pilots to see and avoid other aircraft.
Generally, there are two types of airport operations:
• Uncontrolled airports where there is no control
tower
• Controlled airports where there is a control tower with
an air traffi c controller
Airport operations is a prerequisite for reading and
understanding this chapter. The Pilot’s Handbook of
Aeronautical Knowledge (FAA-H-8083-25) chapter on
airport operations is the starting point for this subject.
Additionally, the portions of the Aeronautical Information
Manual (AIM) covering aeronautical lighting and other
airport visual aids, airspace, and air traffi c control, should
be studied prior to reading this chapter.
The following airport patterns are applicable to both towered
and nontowered airport operations; however, in nontowered
airports the pilot should use the information presented in this
chapter along with the references provided in the summary to
coordinate with the other air traffi c. When fl ying at towered
airports, the principles must be understood to understand
the air traffi c controller’s instructions. The pilot is always
responsible for “see and avoid” and must continually look
for other aircraft in towered and nontowered operations.
Standard Airport Traffi c Patterns
To assure that air traffi c fl ows into and out of an airport in
an orderly manner, an airport traffi c pattern is established
appropriate to the local conditions, including the direction
and placement of the pattern, altitude to be fl own, and
procedures for entering and leaving the pattern. Unless the
airport displays approved visual markings indicating that
turns should be made to the right, pilots should make all
turns in the pattern to the left.
When operating at an airport with an operating control tower,
the pilot receives by radio a clearance to approach or depart,
as well as pertinent information about the traffi c pattern. If
there is not a control tower, it is the pilot’s responsibility to
determine the direction of the traffi c pattern, to comply with
the appropriate traffi c rules, and to display common courtesy
toward other pilots operating in the area.
The pilot is not expected to have extensive knowledge of
all traffi c patterns at all airports; but if the pilot is familiar
with the basic rectangular pattern, it is easy to make proper
approaches and departures from most airports, regardless of
whether they have control towers. At airports with operating
control towers, the tower operator may instruct pilots to
enter the traffi c pattern at any point or to make a straightin
approach without fl ying the usual rectangular pattern.
Many other deviations are possible if the tower operator and
the pilot work together in an effort to keep traffi c moving
smoothly. Jets or heavy aircraft frequently fl y wider and/or
higher patterns than lighter aircraft and in many cases make
a straight-in approach for landing.
The standard rectangular traffic pattern and terms are
illustrated in Figure 10-1. The terms of an airport in the
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