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the fl ight deck is important for the safety and enjoyment
of both. Modern communications systems have advanced
noise canceling systems in headphones and microphones to
reduce engine noise and blast of air. Each system is unique,
and the quality of the sound and noise canceling capability
of the system varies. Some use voice-activated systems in
which headphones activate only when someone is speaking
into the microphone; others have a steady state in which
there is no additional control of the voice activation. Since
there is a large difference in systems available, it is best to
test systems to determine what is best for the WSC aircraft
being fl own. [Figure 3-48]
An aircraft radio is required for fl ying in any tower controlled
airspace. Using a radio is not required at airports without a
control tower but it is recommended for the safety of self,
passengers, pilots in the air, and people/property on the
ground. To broadcast to a tower or other aircraft, press a
Push To Talk (PTT) button. A complete fl ight deck radio and
accessory system schematic is shown in Figure 3-49.
A radar signal receiver/transmitter system is required at busy
commercial airports (Classes C and B) and at altitudes above
10,000 feet mean sea level (MSL) (unless the aircraft was
certifi ed without an electrical system to power the unit). This
is known as a Mode C transponder that sends a signal giving
the control tower an exact location and altitude of aircraft.
[Figure 3-47]
Powerplant System
The powerplant system is composed of the fuel system,
engine, gearbox, and propeller. Here we will point out the
basic components of these systems with their function and
details covered in Chapter 4, Powerplant System.
3-20
Engine Gearbox
Figure 3-52. Engine gearbox.
Figure 3-50. Fuel tank with visible fuel quantity.
Visible Fuel Level
Fuel Tank
Fuel fill
Figure 3-51. Fuel fill to fuel tank under passengers seat.
Fuel System Components
The WSC aircraft is equipped with fuel tanks usually ranging
in capacity from 5 to 20 gallons. As with any aircraft,
knowing how much fuel the tank holds is crucial to fl ight
operations. The LSA defi nition has no limitations on the size
of the fuel tank, unlike its ultralight vehicle predecessor.
Generally, the fuel tank is located close to the CG, so fuel
burn does not affect the balance of the carriage. Some fuel
tanks are clear for visual inspection of the amount of fuel
on board [Figure 3-50], while others have tanks that are not
visible and require fuel level probes for instrument panel
indication of fuel. [Figure 3-51]
Fuel lines exit the fuel tank, and may incorporate a primer
bulb, fuel fi lters, fuel pump, and/or a primer system, all of
which must be integrated into the carriage. A fuel venting
system is also required, which can be a hole in the fuel fi ller
or lines running to vent at an appropriate location.
A fuel shut-off valve may be installed and can be located
anywhere in the fuel line. Some designs have a fuel tank sump
drain valve to remove water and solid contaminants.
Engine and Gearbox
The typical WSC aircraft engine can be two or four stroke,
liquid or air cooled, and normally ranges from 50 to 100
horsepower. Some engines have electric starters and some
have pull starters. Most WSC aircraft engines have reduction
drives that, when attached, reduce the propeller rpm from ½
to ¼ the engine rpm. [Figure 3-52]
A signifi cant amount of the total aircraft empty weight
is determined by the powerplant (engine, gearbox, and
propeller) and mounting confi guration. When trailering
the WSC aircraft over bumpy terrain or over long trips,
the bouncing of the carriage in the trailer can put extreme
stress on this mounting system. In addition, repeated hard
landings of the carriage can also stress the welds of the engine
mount. Consistent detailed inspections of the engine mount
should be an important part of every prefl ight and postfl ight
inspection.
The powerplant systems are as varied as the WSC aircraft
they power. Modern technology has allowed these systems
to become lighter, quieter, more efficient, and, most
importantly, dependable.
The Propeller
Propellers are “power converters” that change the engine
horsepower into thrust. Thrust is the force that propels the
aircraft through the air by pushing the WSC aircraft forward.
Aerodynamically speaking, a propeller is a rotating airfoil
and the same principles that apply to the wing applies to the
propeller, except the propeller provides a horizontal force
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Weight-Shift Control Aircraft Flying Handbook(37)
