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attached by a structure to wheels, fl oats, or skis; it may also
be referred to as the fuselage. The wing is the sail, structure
that supports the sail, battens (ribs) that form the airfoil, and
associated hardware. [Figure 1-13]
There are several unique features of the WSC aircraft:
• The wing structure is in the pilot’s hands and is used
to control the aircraft. There are no mechanical devices
between the pilot and the wing. The pilot can directly
feel the atmosphere while fl ying through it because the
pilot is holding the wing. This is a direct connection
between the wing and the pilot like no other aircraft.
• The pilot can feel the wing as the wingtips or nose
moves up and down, but the carriage and passenger
are more stable. Turbulence is not felt as much as in
a fi xed-wing aircraft.
• Different wings can be put on a single carriage. This
allows the pilot to have a large wing that can take off
in short distances, which would be good for low and
slow fl ying. A large wing with a lightweight carriage
can also be used for soaring and is capable of fl ying
at speeds below 30 miles per hour (mph). At the other
extreme, a smaller high performance wing can be
used for fl ying long distances at high speeds. With a
small wing and a larger motor, WSC aircraft can fl y
at speeds up to 100 mph.
• The wing can be taken off the carriage and folded up
into a tube that can be easily transported and stored.
This allows owners to store the WSC aircraft in a
trailer or garage, transport the WSC aircraft to a local
site, and set it up anywhere. [Figure 1-14]
1-8
Figure 1-15. WSC aircraft with struts similar to those on an airplane
(top) and WSC aircraft operating on water (bottom).
Figure 1-16. Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) and Aeronautical
Information Manual (AIM).
• Since the WSC aircraft is designed without the weight
and drag of a tail, the performance is signifi cantly
increased. The aircraft can take off and land in short
fields, has good climb rates, can handle a large
payload, has a good glide ratio, and is fuel effi cient.
The WSC LSA typically can carry 600 pounds of
people, fuel, and baggage.
Besides having large and small wings for different speeds,
the WSC aircraft wings can have wires for bracing, struts,
or a combination of both. Throughout this handbook, both
are used in diagrams and pictures. WSC aircraft are typically
on wheels, but there are models that can land and take off on
water and snow. [Figure 1-15]
Weight-Shift Control LSA Requirements
A WSC LSA must meet the following requirements:
1. A maximum takeoff weight of not more than—
• 1,320 pounds (600 kilograms) for aircraft not
intended for operation on water; or
• 1,430 pounds (650 kilograms) for an aircraft
intended for operation on water
2. A maximum airspeed in level fl ight with maximum
continuous power (VH) of not more than 120 knots
calibrated (computed) air speed (CAS) under standard
atmospheric conditions at sea level.
3. A maximum stalling speed or minimum steady fl ight
speed without the use of lift-enhancing devices
(VS1) of not more than 45 knots CAS at the aircraft’s
maximum certifi cated takeoff weight and most critical
center of gravity.
4. A maximum seating capacity of no more than two
persons, including the pilot.
5. A single reciprocating engine.
6. A fi xed or ground-adjustable propeller.
7. Fixed landing gear, except for an aircraft intended for
operation on water.
8. Fixed or retractable landing gear, or a hull, for an
aircraft intended for operation on water.
Flight Operations and Pilot Certifi cates
The FAA is empowered by the United States Congress to
promote aviation safety by prescribing safety standards for
civil aviation programs and pilots. Title 14 of the Code of
Federal Regulations (14 CFR), formerly referred to as Federal
Aviation Regulations (FAR), is one of the primary means of
conveying these safety standards. [Figure 1-16] 14 CFR part
61 specifi es the requirements to earn a pilot certifi cate and
obtain additional WSC privileges if already a pilot. 14 CFR
part 91 is General Operating and Flight Rules for pilots. The
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) provides basic fl ight
information and operation procedures for pilots to operate in
the National Airspace System (NAS).
1-9
Figure 1-17. Sport Pilot Practical Test Standards for Weight Shift
Control, Powered Parachute, and Flight Instructor.
Basic Pilot Eligibility
Title 14 CFR, part 61 specifi es the requirements to earn a
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Weight-Shift Control Aircraft Flying Handbook(10)
