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variations in atmospheric density, installation error, or
instrument error. Manufacturers use this airspeed as the basis
for determining airplane performance. Takeoff, landing, and
stall speeds listed in the AFM or POH are indicated airspeeds
and do not normally vary with altitude or temperature.
Indicated altitude. The altitude read directly from the
altimeter (uncorrected) when it is set to the current altimeter
setting.
Incident. An occurrence other than an accident, associated
with the operation of an aircraft, which
affects or could affect the safety of operations.
Induced drag. That part of total drag which is created by
the production of lift. Induced drag increases with a decrease
in airspeed.
Instrument flight rules (IFR). Rules governing the
procedures for conducting instrument flight. Also a term used
by pilots and controllers to indicate type of flight plan.
Instrument landing system (ILS). An electronic system that
provides both horizontal and vertical guidance to a specific
runway, used to execute a precision instrument approach
procedure. Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC).
G-10
Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility,
distance from clouds, and ceiling less than the minimums
specified for visual meteorological conditions. Flight without
visual reference to the horizon.
Interference drag. Type of drag produced by placing two
objects adjacent to one another. Combines the effects of form
drag and skin friction.
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The
United Nations agency for developing the principles and
techniques of international air navigation, and fostering
planning and development of international civil air
transport.
International standard atmosphere (IAS). A model of
standard variation of pressure and temperature.
Inversion. An increase in temperature with altitude.
Isobars. Lines which connect points of equal barometric
pressure.
Jet stream. A high-velocity narrow stream of winds, usually
found near the upper limit of the troposphere, which flows
generally from west to east.
Keel. See wing keel and carriage keel.
Judgment. The mental process of recognizing and analyzing
all pertinent information in a particular situation, a rational
evaluation of alternative actions in response to it, and a timely
decision on which action to take.
KIAS. Knots indicated airspeed.
Kinesthesia. The sensing of movements by feel.
King post. The post on top of the wing which is attached to
the keel that holds used for the ground wires which hold up
the wings on the ground and during negative loads during
flight.
Knowledge exam. See FAA Knowledge Exam.
Lateral axis. An imaginary line passing through the center
of gravity of a WSC and extending across the WSC from one
side of the aircraft to the other side.
Leading edge. The part of an airfoil that meets the airflow
first. This as a structural tube on the WSC airfoil.
Lift. One of the four main forces acting on an aircraft. On a
WSC, an upward force created by the effect of airflow as it
passes over and under the wing.
Lift coefficient. A coefficient representing the lift of a given
airfoil. Lift coefficient is obtained by dividing the lift by the
free-stream dynamic pressure and the representative area
under consideration.
Lift/drag ratio. The efficiency of an airfoil section. It is the
ratio of the coefficient of lift to the coefficient of drag for
any given angle of attack.
Lift-off. The act of becoming airborne as a result of the wings
lifting the airplane off the ground, or the pilot rotating the
nose up, increasing the angle of attack to start a climb.
Light-Sport Aircraft (LSA). An aircraft that meets the
requirements defined in 14 CFR section 1.1, regardless of
airworthiness certification.
Limit load factor. Amount of stress, or load factor, that an
aircraft can withstand before structural damage or failure
occurs.
Load factor. The ratio of a specified load to the total weight
of the aircraft. The specified load is expressed in terms of
any of the following: aerodynamic forces, inertial forces, or
ground or water reactions. Also referred to as G-loading.
Logbook. A record of activities: flight, instruction, inspection
and maintenance. Reference 14 CFR part 43, 14 CFR section
61.51, and 14 CFR section 91.417.
Longitude. Measurement east or west of the Prime Meridian
in degrees, minutes, and seconds. The Prime Meridian is 0°
longitude and runs through Greenwich, England. Lines of
longitude are also referred to as meridians.
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Weight-Shift Control Aircraft Flying Handbook(165)
