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of the wing. [Figures 3-20 and 3-21]
3-10
Figure 3-24. More tension on elastic pulling down on the rear of
the wing keel reduces the trim speed and is controlled by the pilot
in flight.
Front KeelFront Keel
Elastic pulling
down on keel
raising nose.
Keel PocketKeel Pocket
Real KeelReal Keel
Nose
Figure 3-22. A crank on the downtube of the control bar that adjusts
the trailing edge reflex during flight.
Figure 3-23. Hydraulic inflight trim systems that move the hang
point in flight controlled by the pilot.
or electrical systems can move the hang point on the wing
for other infl ight trim systems. [Figure 3-23]
Another pilot-actuated trim system in fl ight is an elastic
system in which the pilot increases tension on the elastic
system which raises the nose for climb and slower fl ight.
[Figure 3-24]
Carriage
The carriage is a completely separate structure from the
wing. Without the wing, the carriage can be driven around
if needed. Most of the weight and cost of the WSC aircraft
is in the carriage. There is a wide range of carriage designs
from the most simple and basic open trikes to the more
sophisticated and complex trikes that integrate cowlings and
offer a number of adjustments for the pilot and passenger,
resulting in comfort and less fatigue during fl ying. Generally,
Another less commonly used method of increasing trim
speed is to increase tension on the crossbar by pulling it back
further, slightly increasing the nose angle and reducing twist.
This increases the angle of attack (AOA) of the tips producing
more lift, and it lowers the nose to a higher trim speed. This
is a typical in-fl ight trim adjustment for high performance
hang gliders. The roll control is diminished with this faster
and stiffer wing.
Ground adjustable trim systems are described in the Pilot's
Operating Handbook (POH) for each aircraft. Different loads
may require different pitch settings.
Infl ight Adjustable Trim Systems
Being able to adjust the trim systems in fl ight has a number of
advantages as discussed later in the fl ight sections. A number
of infl ight adjustable systems are available with different
manufacturers. A common in-fl ight adjustable trim system
is raising and lowering the trailing edge. Raising the trailing
edge increases airfoil refl ex and slows the wing. Lowering
the trailing edge decreases airfoil refl ex and speeds up the
wing. Typically, a crank on a downtube controls a wire that
runs up the downtube to the top of the wing. As a result of
moving the crank, the trailing edge wires are raised and
lowered and the trim speed changed. [Figure 3-22] Hydraulic
3-11
Engine Mount
Seat Frame
Front Fork
Carriage Mast
Front Tube
Carriage Keel
Carriage Wing Attachment “Hang Point”
Wing Keel
RIGHT HAND MAIN
LANDING GEAR*
• Shock Strut
• Main Strut
• Drag Strut
Main Landing Gear Tires
Front Landing Gear
Nose Wheel Steering
* Conventional configuration shown with other configurations
described in main landing gear section of this chapter.
Figure 3-25. Simple basic trike (left) and sophisticated trike with adjustments for pilot and passenger (right).
Figure 3-26. Basic components of the carriage structure.
the more complex the trike, the more it costs, weighs, and the
more power it requires for similar wings. [Figure 3-25]
Structure
Similar to the wing, the carriage is designed with a number
of structural triangles for optimum strength and minimum
weight. Each manufacturer and model have specific
details that vary, but
the carriage structure is
typically a mast, keel,
and front tube that
form the main triangle
components of the
carriage structure with
the wing attachment
at the top of the mast.
A seat frame attached
to the mast and keel
provides rigidity to the
main components while
providing structure for
the pilot and passenger.
[Figure 3-26]
Landing struts attached
to the rear wheels
provide structure for the
main landing gear, and
a front fork provides the
landing gear structure
for the front wheel. An
engine mount attaches
to the mast, providing
structure for the
propulsion system to
attach to the carriage.
[Figure 3-26]
Landing Gear
The landing gear provides support to the WSC aircraft on
the ground and absorbs the shock to reduce the stresses on
the pilot and the aircraft during landings.
3-12
Steering Rod Damper
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Weight-Shift Control Aircraft Flying Handbook(32)
