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of thrust.
3-21
Figure 3-54. Three-blade propeller.
Figure 3-53. Four-blade propeller.
Propellers typically consist of two, three, or four blades.
[Figures 3-53 and 3-54] Propellers can be ground adjustable
or fi xed pitch. Variable pitch fl ight propellers are not allowed
on LSA. The pitch should be properly set for your WSC
aircraft to provide the recommended rpm of the engine at
full power. The POH should be consulted if there is any
question about the propeller rpm and adjusting or replacing
the propeller. Propellers are specifi cally matched to the
engine power, gear reduction and speed range of the aircraft.
Therefore, not just any propeller may be put on any engine.
The POH requires specifi c propellers that are matched for
each aircraft.
As with an airplane propeller, the WSC aircraft propeller
turns at such high speeds that it becomes invisible when in
motion. The dangers of a turning propeller require every
pilot to maintain the highest level of safety and respect for
the consequences of body parts, pets, and debris coming
in contact with a rotating propeller. Debris on the takeoff/
landing fi eld is a danger to the propeller, as well as to the
people who may be in the prop-wash area behind or on the
side of the propeller. Stones, small pieces of metal, and
sticks can become dangerous projectiles if kicked into the
propeller during start-up, taxi, takeoff, and landing. Just as
with any airframe or wing component of a WSC aircraft, if the
propeller becomes damaged, nicked, or dinged, the aircraft’s
performance can be greatly affected. Some pilots elect to use
tape or rock defl ector guards to protect the leading edge from
rock/debris damage. Regardless, taking proper care of the
propeller is as critical as proper engine and wing care.
3-22
Chapter Summary
Components and systems consist of two primary
subassemblies: wing and carriage. The main wing component
is the frame, which is composed of the leading edges, keel,
crossbar, and control frame. The typical wing frame has lower
wires and upper wires with a king post. The strutted version
has wing struts and no upper rigging. The frame is designed
so the outboard leading edges fl ex, and it also has a control
system that allows the keel to move side to side relative to the
leading edges for roll control. The sail is designed specifi cally
for the frame with battens and leading edge stiffner provide
the rigid airfoil shape of the sail.
The carriage is separate from the wing. Different wings can be
put on the same carriage at separate times for different types
of fl ying (example: large wing is used for fl ying low and slow
where a small wing can be used for fl ying fast and long crosscountry
missions). As discussed in Chapter 2, Aerodynamics,
each wing must be approved by the manufacturer to go on
a specifi c carriage.
Main carriage components are the mast, carriage keel, front
tube, and engine mount. This structure houses the fl ight deck,
powerplant, and landing gear. The carriage structure also
houses system components such as the electrical system,
ballistic parachute, and fuel tank. The fl ight deck is the heart
of the carriage providing pilot systems for communications,
navigation, engine/flight/navigation instruments, and
electrical controls.
4-1
Introduction
This chapter covers the engines found on most weight-shift
control (WSC) aircraft and includes the exhaust, ignition,
lubrication, cooling, propeller, gearbox, induction, charging,
and fuel systems. Reciprocating engine operating theory is
covered for both two-stroke and four-stroke engines. The
WSC engine and propeller, often referred to as a powerplant,
work in combination to produce thrust. The powerplant
propels the aircraft and charges the electrical system that
supports WSC operation.
Powerplants
Chapter 4
4-2
Figure 4-1. Two-stroke air-cooled engine.
The powerplant system is composed of the engine, gearbox,
and propeller. It is a key component of a WSC aircraft and
should be maintained according to both the engine and
airframe manufacturer recommendations.
Prefl ight information, along with maintenance schedules
and procedures, can be found in the pilot’s operating
handbook (POH) for Special Light-Sport Aircraft (S-LSA),
and/or maintenance references from the manufacturers.
Engine inspections and maintenance must be performed and
documented in a logbook. A pilot should review this logbook
before fl ying an unfamiliar aircraft.
Reciprocating Engines
WSC aircraft are designed with reciprocating engines.
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Weight-Shift Control Aircraft Flying Handbook(38)
