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and sizes, but the basic design features are fundamentally the
same. All WSC consist of a fl exible wing made with a sail
fi tted over a rigid airframe. A separate carriage is the fuselage
which consists of the fl ight deck, propulsion system, and
landing gear. [Figure 3-1]
Components
and Systems
Chapter 3
3-2
Figure 3-1. Wing and carriage of WSC aircraft.
CARRIAGE
• Propulsion System
• Flight Deck
• Landing Gear
WING
Wing
The wing has a structural frame that the sail fits over.
Although the wing structure is rigid, it is designed to move
and allow the sail to fl ex and the wing to deform or “warp,”
to provide a simple control system with no pulleys, push
rods, hinges, control cables, or separate control surfaces. This
simplifi es maintenance and reduces the cost and weight of
the wing. Each wing is built from high quality aircraft parts
including alloyed aluminum tubes, stainless steel cables,
hardware, and specially designed sail cloth.
Wing Frame Components
The structural frame of the wing is composed of the leading
edges, keel, crossbar, pilot control frame, king post and wires/
struts. The wing frame is a number of structural triangles
formed by the wing components. These triangles, braced by
wires and struts, provide a strong and lightweight frame to
support the fl exible sail. [Figure 3-2]
Leading Edges
Leading edges are tube assemblies that are at the front of the
wing, the leading edges of the wing airfoil. These are swept
back to form the front shape of the wing and attached to each
other with nose plates. The leading edges support the airfoil
and are designed to fl ex as part of the wing structure.
The leading edges are each made up of two main
sections, an inboard and an outboard section, as shown in
Figures 3-2 and 3-3. Additional tubing “sleeves” are typically
used for added strength where the leading edge attaches to
the nose plates, and where the inboard and outboard tubes
join at the crossbar attachment. This sleeving can be internal
or external depending on the specifi c manufacturer’s design.
Typically, additional sleeving is used throughout the leading
edges at various locations to strengthen and vary the fl ex for
the particular design of the wing. Each manufacturer and
make/model uses different internal and external sleeving
to accomplish specifi c strength and fl ex characteristics.
Generally, the inboard sections are stiffer and the outboard
leading edge section fl exes as part of the fl exible wing
design. Sleeving is commonly added throughout the aircraft
where bolt holes are drilled through the tubing to reinforce
it around the bolt hole.
The outboard leading edge sections can be removed to pack
up the wing into a “short pack” which is commonly used for
shipping. [Figure 3-3]
3-3
Leading Edge Tube
Leading Edge Tube Nose Plates
Keel
Crossbar
Upper Cables—Ground Wires King Post
Downtubes Control Bar
Control Frame
Crossbar
Lower Cables—Flying Wires
Crossbar Tensioning Cables
Crossbar Tensioning
Cables Attachment
Figure 3-2. Wing frame components.
Wing Tip
Inboard Crossbar attaches here Outboard
Nose plate attaches here
Internal Sleeve External Sleeve
Outboard leading edge
release for short pack
Figure 3-3. Leading edge assembly.
Keel
The wing keel is like that of a boat keel, the center of the
wing, fore and aft. It attaches to the leading edges at the nose
plate and performs a number of important functions. It is the
structure where the carriage attaches to the wing, and it is the
wing structure that connects the center section of the sail at
the “keel pocket” (discussed later in this chapter in the sail
section). The control frame and king post (if so equipped) also
attaches to the keel. It also provides structure for the upper
and lower wires (if so equipped) and a reference or anchor
for the crossbar which needs some movement in relation to
the keel for roll control.
The keel is rigid and is not designed to fl ex nor is it highly
stressed like the leading edges except where the under
carriage attaches to the wing. Sleeving is normally added to
strengthen this middle area as well at the nose attachment
and rear cable attachments.
3-4
Front Flying Wires
Rear Flying Wires
Side Flying Wires
Control Bar
Control Frame
Corner Brackets
Down Tubes
Figure 3-6. Control frame with downtubes, control bar, and corner
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Weight-Shift Control Aircraft Flying Handbook(28)
