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ranges can be found in the POH/AFM/AOI for that machine.
[Figure 4-20]
Air cooling is accomplished by air being pulled into the
engine shroud by a cooling fan. Baffl es route this air over
fi ns attached to the engine cylinders where the air absorbs the
engine heat. Expulsion of the hot air takes place through one
or more openings in the shroud. If cylinder head temperatures
rise too much in an air-cooled engine, it is because of
lubrication problems, cooling fan drive belt damage or wear,
or air blockage in the cooling fi ns by a bird or insect nest.
[Figure 4-1]
Liquid cooling systems pump coolant through jackets in
the cylinders and head. The heated liquid is then routed to
a radiator where the heat is radiated to the atmosphere. The
cooled liquid is then returned to the engine. If the radiator is
mounted close to the propeller, the propeller can constantly
move air across the radiator and keep the engine cool even
when the WSC is not moving. [Figure 4-21] Radiators
mounted away from the propeller make it more diffi cult for
the radiator to cool the engine unless the WSC is moving.
[Figure 4-22]
Breaking in an engine through ground runs on a hot day
is when radiator placement is most critical. Liquid-cooled
engines can overheat for a number of reasons, such as coolant
4-18
Water Cooler Radiator
Figure 4-22. Side mounted water cooler radiators integral with
cowl.
not at proper levels, a leak, failed water pump, or a blockage
of the radiator.
Operating an engine above its maximum design temperature
can cause a loss of power and detonation. It will also lead
to serious permanent damage, such as scoring the cylinder
walls and damaging the pistons and rings. Monitor the engine
temperature instruments to avoid high operating temperature.
Operating the engine lower than its designed temperature
range can cause piston seizure and scarring on the cylinder
walls. This happens most often in liquid-cooled WSC aircraft
in cold weather where large radiators designed for summer
fl ying may need to be partially blocked off.
Chapter Summary
Powerplants are generally classifi ed by:
1. Number of piston strokes needed to complete a
cycle—two strokes or four strokes.
2. Method of cooling—liquid or air.
Exhaust systems route the exhaust gases from the cylinders
out to the atmosphere. Two-stroke engines require tuned
exhaust systems matched to the specifi c engine for proper
operation.
Engines must be warmed up properly or engine damage
and seizure can result. Gearboxes reduce the engine rpm to
a usable propeller rpm. Induction systems mix gas and air
for cylinders and must be properly adjusted for different
altitudes.
Typical aircraft ignition systems are separate from the
electrical systems and typically have two separate ignition
systems. Aircraft ignition systems are composed of a
magneto/generator, control box, high voltage wires, spark
plugs, and ignition switches. Automotive engines typically
run the ignition system off the battery.
Proper combustion is a result of proper mixture and good
fuel. Good fuel management and proper engine cooling are
important considerations for reliable engine operation.
5-1
Introduction
Prefl ight preparations should include the overall evaluation
of the:
• Pilot: experience, sleep, food and water, drugs or
medications, stress, illness
• Aircraft: certifi cates/documents, airworthiness, fuel,
weight (does not exceed maximum), performance
requirements, equipment
• EnVironment: weather conditions, density altitude,
forecast for departure and destination airfi elds, route
of fl ight, runway lengths
• External pressures: schedules, available alternatives,
purpose of fl ight
Often remembered as PAVE, it is important to consider each
of these factors and establish personal minimums for fl ying.
Prefl ight and
Ground Operations
Chapter 5
5-2
Figure 5-1. Contact the local airport management to find an acceptable location to stay at the airport.
Figure 5-2. Contact local airport management to determine best
operation for the aircraft and its type of operation.
Where To Fly
The weight-shift control (WSC) aircraft can be transported by
trailer from one fl ying fi eld to the next. For as many benefi ts
as this provides, transporting the aircraft into unfamiliar
territory also includes some safety and operational issues.
Contact airport management to inquire about any special
arrangements to be made prior to arriving by trailer
[Figure 5-1] and there may be special considerations for
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Weight-Shift Control Aircraft Flying Handbook(50)
