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fl ying WSC aircraft with other aircraft. With smaller patterns
typically used by WSC aircraft, as covered in Chapter 10,
Airport Traffi c Patterns, airport management may want a
pilot to operate over sparsely populated areas rather than
the normal airplane patterns over congested areas because
of the unique noise of the WSC aircraft. [Figure 5-2] Check
the Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD) all required airport
information per Title 14 of the Code of federal Regulations
(14 CFR) part 91 section 103, Prefl ight information. Some
operation examples are traffi c pattern information, noise
abatement procedures , no fl y zones surrounding the airport,
and special accommodations that may need to be arranged
for WSC aircraft..
Because of the wide range of flying characteristics of
the WSC aircraft, inform local pilots about some of the
incidentals of the specifi c WSC aircraft (e.g., fl ying low and
slow for certain confi gurations). The more non-WSC aircraft
pilots know about WSC fl ight characteristics and intentions,
the better they understand how to cooperate in fl ight. Sharing
the same airspace with various aircraft categories requires
pilots to know and understand the rules and understand the
fl ight characteristics and performance limitations of the
different aircraft.
For operations at nonaircraft fi elds, special considerations
must be evaluated. Permission is necessary to use private
property as an airstrip. Locate the area on an aeronautical
sectional chart to check for possible airspace violations or
unusual hazards that could arise by not knowing the terrain
or location. Avoid loitering around residential structures and
animal enclosures because of the slow fl ight characteristics
of WSC aircraft and distinct engine noise.
While selecting a takeoff position, make certain the approach
and takeoff paths are clear of other aircraft. Fences, power
lines, trees, buildings, and other obstacles should not be in the
immediate fl ightpath unless the pilot is certain he or she is able
to safely clear them during takeoff and landing operations.
Walk the entire length of the intended takeoff and landing area
prior to departure. [Figure 5-3] Look for holes, muddy spots,
rocks, dips in the terrain, high grass, and other objects that can
cause problems during takeoff and landing. Physically mark
areas of concern with paint, fl ags, or cones. Uneven ground,
mud, potholes, or items in fi elds such as rocks might not be
visible from the air. Plowed rows and vegetation are larger
than they appear from the air. Unfamiliar fi elds can make
suitable landing areas for emergencies, but should not be used
5-3
Figure 5-3. Fields that look like good landing areas from the air
may actually be hazardous.
Figure 5-4. Standard surface analysis showing fronts, pressure
systems, and isobars (top) and composite surface analysis which
adds radar and infrared satellite to show cloud cover (bottom).
as intended landing areas. Extreme caution must be exercised
when operating from a new fi eld or area for the fi rst time.
Prefl ight Actions
A pilot must become familiar with all available information
concerning the fl ight, including runway lengths at airport of
intended use, takeoff and landing distance accounting for
airport elevation and runway slope, aircraft gross weight,
wind, and temperature. For a cross-country fl ight not in the
vicinity of the takeoff/departure airport, information must
include weather reports and forecasts, fuel requirements,
and alternatives available if the planned fl ight cannot be
completed.
Weather
Weather is a determining factor for all fl ight operations.
Before any fl ight is considered, pilots should obtain regional
and local information to fi rst determine if the predicted
weather for the planned fl ight is safe.
Regional Weather
Understanding the overall weather in the region being
fl own provides an overview of conditions and how they can
change during fl ight. Fronts, pressure systems, isobars, and
the jet stream determine the weather. There are a number of
information resources from which to fi nd the regional view
of weather systems, observed and predicted. Surface analysis
charts show these regional systems, which are common on
weather internet sites and TV broadcasts. [Figure 5-4] Review
the Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge for a
comprehensive understanding of weather theory, reports,
forecasts, and charts for weather concepts covered throughout
this weather section.
There are many sources for obtaining a weather briefi ng,
such as www.aviationweather.gov, www.nws.noaa.gov, 1-
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Weight-Shift Control Aircraft Flying Handbook(51)
