曝光台 注意防骗
网曝天猫店富美金盛家居专营店坑蒙拐骗欺诈消费者
CUES FROM OBSERVING THE SPEAKER. ..................................................................16
FIGURE 3: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ARTICULATION INDEX (AI) AND THE
INTELLIGIBILITY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SPEECH TEST MATERIALS COMPOSED OF
PHONETICALLY BALANCED (PB) WORDS AND SENTENCES. ...................................17
FIGURE 4: THE EFFECT OF THE SENTENCE CONTEXT UPON THE INTELLIGIBILITY OF
WORDS ..................................................................................................................18
FIGURE 5: INTELLIGIBILITY OF WORDS IN TESTS. ..........................................................18
2
List of Acronyms
AIP Aeronautical Information Publication
ATC Air traffic control
BASI Bureau of Air Safety Investigation
CAIR Confidential aviation incident report
CAR Civil Aviation Regulation
CASA Civil Aviation Safety Authority
CRM Cockpit (or crew) resource management
FAA Federal Aviation Administration (USA)
FL Flight level
HF High frequency
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation
IFR Instrument flight rules
MATS Manual of Air Traffic Services
R/T Radio telephony
SID Standard instrument departure
STAR Standard arrival
TAAATS The Advanced Australian Air Traffic System
UTC Universal time co-ordinated
VHF Very high frequency
3
Turkish Airlines said yesterday it had sacked two pilots who had a cockpit punch-up
over control-tower instructions on a flight between Bangkok and Istanbul. “Are you
deaf? He’s telling you something and you are doing something completely different”,
one reportedly told the other. A junior pilot completed the flight.
—Reuters, The Age, 7 May 1997.
1. Introduction
This project represents 24 credit points of the Queensland University of Technology’s
Master of Education (Adult and Workplace Education). The purpose of the project
option is to provide the student an opportunity to integrate knowledge from the
workplace with core and elective units. Accordingly, I have particularly drawn upon
units of language and literacy, legal risk management, and educational research.
The project is an investigation into miscommunications between air traffic controllers
(ATC) and pilots. Miscommunications may broadly be applied to a range of verbal
communications problems ranging from misunderstandings, such as those due to
ambiguity, cultural differences, language structure, and so on, to more technical
problems, such as microphone “clipping” and over-transmitting of another’s radio
signal. Studies indicate that miscommunication is a pervasive problem in air traffic
control and, although infrequent when considered as a percentage of daily
transactions, nevertheless, has been a causal factor in numerous fatal accidents.
The facts about verbal communication come from many different fields of science.
The study of verbal miscommunications in the air traffic system is part of the rapidly
expanding field of human factors. My aim has been to synthesise the knowledge
from three fields—aviation human factors, language and communications, and
aviation law—and present it in a paper from which I can develop educational
resources for air traffic control instructors and team leaders. The relevance or
otherwise of the current literature has been filtered by the twenty-five years
experience I bring as an air traffic controller, pilot and flight service officer.
1.1 Reason for the Study
The collision between the Pan Am and KLM Boeing 747’s at Tenerife in March 1977,
which killed 583 people, was a defining event in aviation safety. While there were
many predisposing human factors involved, the accident was a tragic lesson in
miscommunications. The accident demonstrated that, in the aviation industry,
“information transmitted by radio communication can be understood in a different
way to that intended, as a result of ambiguous terminology and/or the obliteration of
key words or phrases” and that “the oral transmission of essential information, via
single and vulnerable radio contacts, carries with it great potential dangers” (Job,
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1994:180). Nine months after this accident, the Air Navigation Committee of the
International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) took action, issuing three reports
and implementing radiotelephony changes in 1984. Two decades later,
miscommunication still causes aircraft accidents. As recently as September 1997 in
our own region, confusion between the pilot and air traffic controller is considered the
most likely cause of the Garuda A300 Airbus crash at Medan, Sumatra, which
claimed 234 lives (Thomas, 1998).
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