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“[In this exercise scenario, a Lockheed] L-1011 with 300
people on board [was assumed to have made an emergency
water landing in] the Intracoastal Waterway moments after
takeoff from [the airport],” said the study. “Fifty people were
[considered to be] dead and 250 ‘survivors’ were floating in
the water or clinging to aircraft wreckage, waiting to be
rescued.”
The water-emergency demonstration project generated the
following observations by participants.
• “Participants who could not hear the [cabin
crewmember’s] evacuation commands felt panic;
• “There were problems with conflicting instructions given
for the use of life vests;
• “Participants with baby carriers had numerous problems;
• “Participants who had to exit the aircraft directly into
water were frightened and unsure of what to do;
• “Participants had problems keeping the slide/rafts dry;
• “No one assumed command, which resulted in problems
with raft management;
• “No one was assigned to be the lookout;
• “The survival kit presented multiple problems (items
were very hard to open, the survival manual was not
waterproof, the sponge was small and hard to use, and
the flare was hard to light … the raft was singed while
trying to use [the flare]);
• “As participants’ hands [became] less agile from the cold,
items such as the drinking water [containers] were almost
impossible to open;
• “Seasickness created problems;
FLIGHT SAFETY FOUNDATION • CABIN CREW SAFETY • NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 1998 9
Water-accident Experiences Support
Recommendations for Cabin-crew Training
use of the life vests, and this became a critical problem
because 30 percent of the passengers could not swim.
One flight attendant ducked under water in an effort to
secure more life vests, and subsequently passed them
out the door to crewmembers who were assisting
passengers in the evacuation. One overwing window exit
floated inside the cabin during the evacuation,
temporarily impeding the egress of some of the
passengers; [nevertheless,] most [passengers believed
that] the initial evacuation took place very rapidly.”2
[This accident occurred on May 8, 1978 at about 2120
local time, when National Airlines Flight 193, a Boeing
727, struck Escambia Bay during a surveillance-radar
approach to Runway 25 at Pensacola (Florida, U.S.)
Regional Airport, and came to rest about three nautical
miles from the east end of Runway 25 in about 12 feet
(3.6 meters) of water. There were 52 passengers and
six crewmembers aboard the aircraft. Three passengers
were killed (drowned); two passengers and two
crewmembers received serious injuries. The aircraft was
destroyed. The weather was measured ceiling 400 feet
overcast, visibility four miles in fog and haze, and surface
wind from 190 degrees at seven knots. The NTSB said
in its final report that the probable cause of the accident
was the flight crew’s unprofessionally conducted
nonprecision instrument approach, in that the captain
and crew failed to monitor the descent rate and altitude,
and the first officer failed to provide the captain with
required altitude and approach-performance callouts.
The crew failed to check and utilize all instruments
available for altitude awareness, turned off the groundproximity
warning system, and failed to configure the
aircraft properly and in a timely manner for the approach,
said the report.]
• “Evacuation of the plane went smoothly except for two
intoxicated passengers who refused to leave the airplane
and had to be bodily removed from the cabin by the flight
crew. The [airport emergency crews and other local]
emergency crews responded immediately. When they
arrived … they saw no fire. About 80 percent of the
passengers had exited the aircraft. Rescue workers
observed a number of passengers and crewmembers
forward of the no. 1 engine, two of whom were in the
water. One of the rescuers entered the water and assisted
about 12 passengers who were in a slide/raft in the basin
at the end of the approach-lighting-system pier. Several
firefighters escorted passengers on the end of the pier
over the left wing and back onto the pier and away from
the aircraft. Firefighters also rescued another slide/raft of
passengers adrift in the basin, forward of the no. 3 engine.
All were pulled to safety and it was estimated that all
passengers were on land and safely clear of the aircraft
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