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communication began with the flight crewmembers’
identification of a problem and ended when the aircraft’s
momentum finally dissipated after settling in the water. The
researchers found no suggestions from aircraft manufacturers
regarding preditching communications among aircraft
crewmembers. Nevertheless, the materials recommended a
passenger briefing with appropriate amendments to the normal
prelanding briefing. Manufacturers typically recommended
that cabin crewmembers demonstrate how to don the life vests
Table 2
Commuter Aircraft
Water-impact Accidents
1982–1989
Country Number of Accidents
United States 14
Canada 10
United Kingdom 2
Costa Rica 1
Denmark 1
Germany 1
Japan 1
New Zealand 1
Australia 1
Brazil 1
Total 33
Source: Charles C.T. Chen and Mark Muller, 1994, based on
information from the International Civil Aviation Organization
4 FLIGHT SAFETY FOUNDATION • CABIN CREW SAFETY • NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 1998
Table 3
Proximity to Large Bodies of Water of the 50 Busiest U.S. Airports Controlled
By the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, 1996
Water Within Ocean, Gulf Reservoir
Rank Airport City and State 5 miles or Great Lake or Lake River
1. Chicago O’Hare International Airport, Illinois yes X
2. Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Texas yes X X
3. Los Angeles International Airport, California yes X
4. William B. Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport, Georgia yes X
5. Detroit Metropolitan (Wayne County) Airport, Michigan yes X
6. Miami International Airport, Florida yes X
7. Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, Arizona no
8. Van Nuys Airport, California yes X
9. St. Louis International Airport, Missouri yes X
10. Oakland International Airport, California yes X
11. Minneapolis-St. Paul Airport, Minnesota yes X
12. Long Beach Airport (Daugherty Field), California yes X
13. McCarran International Airport, Las Vegas, Nevada yes X
14. John Wayne Airport, Orange County, California yes X
15. Boston Gen. Edward Lawrence Logan International Airport, Massachusetts yes X
16. Charlotte/Douglas International Airport, North Carolina yes X X
17. Newark International Airport, New Jersey yes X
18. Denver International Airport, Colorado no
19. Pittsburgh International Airport, Pennsylvania yes X
20. San Francisco International Airport, California yes X
21. Philadelphia International Airport, Pennsylvania yes X
22. Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport, Kentucky yes X
23. Bush Intercontinental Airport, Houston, Texas yes X
24. Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, Washington yes X
25. Salt Lake City International Airport, Utah yes X
26. Honolulu International Airport, Hawaii yes X
27. John F. Kennedy International Airport, Jamaica, New York yes X
28. Memphis International Airport, Tennessee yes X
29. Centennial Airport, Denver, Colorado no
30. Prescott Municipal Airport, Arizona no
31. LaGuardia Airport, Flushing, New York yes X
32. Orlando International Airport, Florida yes X
33. King County International Airport/Boeing Field, Seattle, Washington yes X
34. Washington Dulles International Airport, Virginia yes X
35. Oakland County International Airport, Pontiac, Michigan yes X
36. Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, District of Columbia yes X
37. Portland International Airport, Oregon yes X
38. Orlando Sanford Airport, Florida yes X
39. Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, Ohio yes X
40. Fort Worth Meacham Airport, Texas yes X
41. Anchorage International Airport, Alaska yes X
42. San Jose International Airport, California yes X
43. Daytona Beach International Airport, Florida yes X
44. Tampa International Airport, Florida yes X
45. Baltimore/Washington International Airport, Maryland yes X
46. San Antonio International Airport, Texas no
47. Chicago Midway Airport, Illinois yes X
48. William P. Hobby Airport, Houston, Texas yes X
49. North Las Vegas Airport, Nevada yes X
50. Phoenix/Deer Valley Airport, Arizona no
Source: U.S. Federal Aviation Administration
FLIGHT SAFETY FOUNDATION • CABIN CREW SAFETY • NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 1998 5
and how to use the flotation-seat cushions. The materials
recommended that, when sufficient time is available, cabin
crewmembers advise passengers to remove high-heeled shoes
and assign passengers to aid other passengers who need
assistance. The materials also said that cabin crewmembers
should assign division lines to distribute passengers evenly
among the usable exits. Unplanned water landings were not
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