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situation before taking action.
“[Cabin crewmembers] are instructed to select and brief
able-bodied passengers to help retrieve stowed rafts and/or
[to] move slide/rafts, as necessary, and to lead the exit process
and take command of the rafts or slide/rafts until a
crewmember becomes available,” said the study. “The
training manuals direct that after these initial procedures are
accomplished, and at the appropriate time, the [cabin
crewmembers] would command the evacuation. They are
further directed to continue their assessment of external
conditions as the exits are activated and to redirect passengers
to another exit if the exit or its attached slide/raft becomes
unusable. Certain [cabin] crewmembers are designated to
retrieve the [ELT] from the aircraft and to carry [the ELT]
aboard the rafts. Other crewmembers … ensure that the plane
is fully evacuated. The manuals state that once the aircraft
has been fully evacuated, the [aircraft crewmembers] should
then release the rafts from the airplane and assume command
of the rafts.
“[Cabin crewmembers] are instructed to use the mooring line
to tie rafts together to prevent them from becoming separated
or lost. Directions are given in eight of the training manuals to
tie the rafts 25 feet [8 meters] apart to allow for wave action,
but one training manual recommends 15 feet [5 meters]. The
basis for this difference is unclear.”
Typical training on emergency-water-landing equipment
covered how to check and maintain proper inflation of the
buoyancy tubes of the rafts, repair raft leaks and manually
erect the raft canopy.
“There are many differences in the methods that address
individual passenger flotation,” said the study. “For example,
the procedures on flotation-seat-cushion usage vary. Some
airlines [train] the [cabin crewmembers to] advise passengers
to hold the cushions in front of their bodies, to rest their chins
on the cushions, to wrap their arms around the cushions with
their hands grasping the outside loops, and to float vertically
in the water. Others suggest that passengers lie forward on the
cushions, grasp and hold the loops beneath them, and float
horizontally.
“Flight-attendant-training programs also provide dissimilar
procedures regarding the appropriate time to inflate the life
vests. Some [train cabin crewmembers to instruct] passengers
to inflate only one chamber of a two-chamber life vest before
leaving the airplane, while others recommend inflating both
[chambers]. Similarly, some training programs [instruct cabin
crewmembers] to advise [passengers to inflate] the life vest
… by pulling the inflation-gas-cylinder rings, although a few
[training programs] advocate that life vests should be inflated
with the oral valve only.
“Divergent procedures for donning life vests are also evident;
most [cabin crewmembers] are trained to tell passengers to
tighten the life vest as [much] as possible, although one airline
[trains cabin crewmembers to] advise passengers to tighten
the life vest only until they can put a clinched fist between the
body and the vest. Another airline [trains flight] attendants
[to] instruct passengers not to tighten the vest at all. One airline,
[which] uses a life vest with a waist-and-back strap, trains
[cabin crewmembers to instruct] passengers [to] throw the life
vest behind the head, so that swimming is more easily
accomplished. No explanation for these disparate procedures
was forthcoming, leaving unclear … which, if any, of the
procedures is most effective.”
The researchers found that special needs of infants, children,
elderly passengers and handicapped passengers also received
minimal attention in the training materials reviewed.
Infant life vests and/or child life vests are not available on
all airplanes, so airlines train cabin crewmembers in a
variety of methods to secure children in adult life vests for
ditching. One method is to strap the child in an inflated
adult life vest and ask an adult to hold the child in his or
her lap. Researchers found that other airlines provide
combination child-restraint/flotation devices, but most
airlines rely on adult passengers accompanying children to
provide approved child restraints, which typically will not
float and will not accommodate a child wearing an inflated
vest, said the study.
The researchers found minimal guidelines for water survival
in the airline training-program materials reviewed, but found
more detailed information in the survival manuals packed in
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