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unexpected aerodynamic forces and moments caused by the other
airplane. A numerical study of the inherent danger involved with
the aerodynamic interaction of aircraft flying in proximity was
made using the low-order panel code PMARC (Panel Method Ames
Research Center). PMARC validation was made by comparing wind
tunnel and analytically derived stability data for T-34 and F-14
models with PMARC results. A T-34 was then placed at various
distances underneath an F-14 to determine changes in lift and
pitching moments on the T-34. Color illustrations of pressure
coefficients were used to highlight the changes in aerodynamic
forces and moments as vertical separation between the two aircraft
was decreased. PMARC showed that 4.5 deg. of elevator trim change
were required as a T-34 approached to within its semispan of an F-
14. Formation flying, Panel method, Stability and control
FW. Precision Runway Monitor Program Office, "Precision Runway Monitor
Demonstration Report," Washington: FAA Research and Development
Service, Report No. DOT/FAA/RD-91/5, February 1991
FX. Prinzo, O. V., "An Analysis of Approach Control/Pilot Voice
Communications," Oklahoma City: FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute,
October 1996, 40 pgs. (ADNUMBER: ADA317528.)
1. This report consists of an analysis of air traffic control and
pilot voice communications that occurred at 3 terminal air traffic
control facilities (TRACONs). Each transmission was parsed into
communication elements. Each communication element was assigned to
a speech act category (e.g., address, instruction, request,
SEPARATION SAFETY MODELING
B-30
advisory) and aviation topic (e.g., heading, altitude, speed,
readback) and evaluated using the aviation topic-speech act
taxonomy (ATSAT, Prinzo, et al., 1995). A total of 12,200
communication elements in 4,500 transmissions make up the
database. Communication elements appeared most frequently in the
address and instruction speech act categories. Of the 2,500
controller communication elements, 40% contained at least 1
communication error. The number and types of communication errors
(message content and delivery technique) located within each
speech act category were determined and separate communication
error analyses are reported for pilots and controllers by TRACON
facility. Of the 5,900 pilot communication elements, 59% contained
at least 1 communication error. More than 50% of controllers and
pilots communication errors occurred in the instruction speech act
category. Generally, controllers omitted key words that pertained
to radio frequency, airspeed, or approach/ departure instructions.
Pilots only partially read back instructions involving heading,
radio frequency, and airspeed aviation topics and grouped numbers
in a radio frequency, airspeed, or heading. Pilots and controllers
communications became more conversational and verbose when their
transmissions included advisory or request speech acts. Omitting
and grouping numbers in transmissions may be strategies used to
minimize time on frequency. Ironically, these strategies may
create the problems that pilots and controllers are trying to
prevent.
FY. "Radar Separation Standards Working Group Volume Two," Civil Aviation
Authority, CS Report 9237, January 1993.
1. Topic: Empirical or semi-empirical expressions
FZ. Ramsey, J.L., "Effectiveness Limitations of Midair Collision
Avoidance Strategies," Paper presented at the 29th Annual meeting,
Institute of Navigation, 1973, Navigation, vol. 20, no. 4, p.
357-369.
1. Provides data to help resolve which classes of techniques ought
to be used to prevent midair collisions, based on a statistical
analysis of recent midair collisions.
GA. Ranger, F.W., "Test and Evaluation of the Conflict Alert Function
(High Altitude) with the NAS En Route A3d2, 1 System," FAA Report
RD75-117, 1975, AD-A014 103, N76-13037
1. Reports on tests conducted at NAFEC in a beacon-only high-altitude
APPENDIX B
BIBLIOGRAPHY
B-31
environment with simulated digital target data. The tests were
designed to evaluate the performance of the conflict alert
function.
GB. Ratcliff, S. and R. L. Ford, "Conflicts between Random Flights in a
Given Area," Journal of Institute of Navigation, Vol. 35, No. 1,
1982
GC. Ratcliffe, S., "Collision Avoidance and the Future of Air Traffic
Control," Paper presented at the International Conference, Hanover,
Germany, Journal of Navigation, vol. 26, n 4, pp. 423-230, 1973
1. Answers questions about the optimum division of responsibility
between the aircrew and ground ATC, and about the fundamental
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a concept paper for separation safety modeling(81)
