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1) Required navigation performance (RNP)
a) Typical and non-typical performance (e.g., MASPS/MOPS;
RTCA SC-181 documents)
b) Time-keeping accuracy.
2) Reliability/availability
3) Integrity
4) Effects of more accurate navigation
a) “Unfortunate” interaction of pilot blunder/altitude
misassignment and more accurate navigation (i.e., a blunder
would be more likely to put one aircraft right on top of
another because of the more accurate horizontal navigation
provided by GPS)
c. Communications capability
i. Voice communications systems
1) Commercial aircraft
a) Required communication performance
b) VHF systems (direct)
c) HF systems (indirect)
2) Military aircraft
3) General Aviation and other aircraft
4) UHF
5) SATCOM (communication via satellite)
ii. ADS-B
iii. ACARS
d. Surveillance capability
i. Required surveillance equipment performance
ii. Air-ground transponder
1) Mode C transponder
2) Mode S transponder
3) Mode A transponder
iii. TCAS/ACAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance
System/Airborne Collision Avoidance System)
iv. Advanced TCAS/ACAS, such as TCAS IV
v. Automatic dependent surveillance (ADS)
vi. Cockpit display of aircraft traffic information (CDTI)
e. Backup systems and procedures
E. Ground/Satellite systems: Surveillance and Navigation
1. Surveillance capability
FACTORS POTENTIALLY AFFECTING SEPARATION SAFETY
7-7
a. Procedural dependent surveillance
i. Content of pilot position reports
ii. Reporting intervals
b. Automatic dependent surveillance (ADS)
i. Basic update rate
ii. Display accuracy; controller display target position error
iii. ADS contracts (e.g., increased reporting rate by triggering events)
iv. Sensor accuracy
v. System reliability
vi. System availability
vii. End-to-end communications time capabilities
viii. System coverage
c. Independent surveillance (radar)
i. Type of sensor (primary or secondary)
ii. Coverage area
iii. Processing and associated delays
iv. Accuracy of measured position after processing
1) Radar registration error (Mosaic
2) Slant-range error for non-Mode C equipped aircraft
v. Update rate
vi. Display accuracy (error)
vii. System reliability.
viii. System availability
ix. Backup systems
2. Performance
a. Accuracy
i. Automation-induced errors
b. Reliability/availability
c. Integrity
i. Automation-induced errors
ii. False positives
iii. Missed events
d. Equipment outage
i. Backup systems, including power
1) Availability
2) Reliability
3) Integrity
ii. Backup procedures
e. External interference
i. Natural
ii. Human
1) Sabotage
2) Spoofing
3) Jamming
SEPARATION SAFETY MODELING
7-8
f. Processing, data transmission, and associated delays (e.g., delay between
acquisition of a signal and the display of the information)
F. Human performance
1. Flight crew performance/skill
a. Monitoring/situational awareness
b. Crew coordination and communication/Cockpit Resource Management
c. Controller/Pilot communication/coordination
(Also see section F.2.c. of this outline)
d. Response time
e. Movement time
f. Crew workload and vigilance
g. Human error/human reliability
h. Interaction with hardware/software automation/assistance
i. Displays
ii. Warnings/advisories
1) TCAS
2) CDTI
i. Certification standards
j. Training
k. Operator procedures, manuals
l. Corporate culture
2. Air Traffic controller performance/skill
a. Monitoring/situational awareness
b. Decision making
c. Controller/pilot communication/coordination
(Also see section F.1.c. of this outline)
d. Controller/controller communications and coordination
e. Controller Response Time
f. Controller Workload
g. Interaction with displays/automation/decision aids
i. Displays
ii. Automation
iii. Decision Aids
iv. Warnings/advisories
1) Flight path prediction
2) Conflict probe
h. Controller errors
i. Training
j Corporate culture
G. Environment
1. Visibility
a. Day/night/dusk/dawn
b. Ceiling
FACTORS POTENTIALLY AFFECTING SEPARATION SAFETY
7-9
c. Sun position
d. Clouds
e. “Background” (i.e., against which pilot is to locate other aircraft)
2. Adverse weather, storms
3. Turbulence, wind shear
4. Special problems (e.g., volcanic ash)
5. Wake vortex (may cause turbulence or engine problems for following
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a concept paper for separation safety modeling(53)
