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SEPARATION SAFETY MODELING
6-24
· Traffic Maneuvering Area (TMA) module (building approach and
departure procedures), and
· Aircraft performance model.
Inputs Required
- Description of the ATM concept to be evaluated.
- This might be done down to the level of the human controller, air traffic
procedures, and technical ATM/CNS systems as well as new airborne
equipment.
- Traffic sample (traffic flow, aircraft mix, etc.),
- Identification of all relevant hazards, including a qualitative evaluation of their
effects, and
- Identification of parameters or parameter ranges for all elements that may have
a critical influence on the safety/capacity assessment (e.g., weather).
Output produced
The output of the Model can be as detailed as a complete flight record of every or any
given flight. This means that there is access to information equivalent to the so-called
black box of an aircraft. In general, only summarized data values are used to evaluate
a concept.
The main data outputs are:
- Number and type of conflicts in a given area or ATC-sector,
- Workload for the controller/coordinator,
- Workload for the flight crew (pilot),
- Capacity (number of flights per sector, throughput, delay) ,
- Fuel flow and Direct Operating Costs (DOC),
- Utilization of airspace,
- Graphical presentation of simulation
- Taxi times and gate allocations,
- Runway usage,
- Runway utilization, and
- Ground delay/taxi delay.
Limitations of the Model
No matter how accurately one represents the real-world in a simulation, one has to
abstract some domains of the model. Therefore, a simulation can only be a near-realworld
representation of an entire ATC system. While one can model human and
weather factors in this model to some extent, their representations will not exactly
mirror the real world.
EXISTING MODELS AND MODELING TOOLS
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Computational Characteristics
TAAM runs on a variety of UNIX workstations: Currently HP, SUN, and SGI are
supported by TAAM. The number of aircraft and the scale of the simulation area are
only limited by the hardware. On a Sun Ultra II with Creator 3D and 256 MB RAM, a
day of U.S. traffic (90,000 flights) has been modelled.
Modularity and Flexibility
TAAM is a highly modular and flexible system which can be customized by InCa
scripts.
Status
TAAM is under continual development to improve its capabilities. A TAAM User
Group was formed in 1993 and has since then requested over 100 improvements to the
previous version of TAAM (Version 2.9). The new version incorporates user requests
and includes state-of-the-art simulation and programming techniques. TAAM 3.0 has
been completely re-written in order to make it object oriented and more flexible for the
users.
TAAM 3.0 will be officially released for airspace studies on January 1, 1998, and on
June 1, 1998, for ground and airport simulations. It is currently under Beta test by
DFS in Germany and FedEx in the U.S.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Material in Section 6.3 is based on material in the “NARIM Design Document.” Material
in Sections 6.4 - 6.7 was excerpted from [R6.11].
SEPARATION SAFETY MODELING
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List of References
R6.1 Geisinger, Kenneth, “Airspace Conflict Equations,” Transportation Science, Vol.
19, No. 2, May 1985, pp. 139-153.
R6.2 Hollnagel, E., Human Reliability Analysis Context and Control, Academic Press,
London, 1993.
R6.3 Everdij, M.H.C., G.J. Bakker and H.A.P. Blom, Application of Collision Risk Tree
Analysis to DCIA/CRDA Through Support from TOPAZ, NLR contract report, 1996.
R6.4 Everdij, M.H.C., G.J. Bakker, P.J.G. Blanker & H.A.P. Blom, Designing EATMS
Inherently Safe, TOSCA II WP 4, Eurocontrol, NLR, 1997.
R6.5 Biemans, M.C.M. and J. Daams, HOMEROS: Human Operator Modelling to
Evaluate Reliability, Organisation and Safety, RHEA/TH/WPR/6/1, European Union
DGVII, Contract number AI-95-SC.107, NLR, 1997.
R6.6 ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization), Air Traffic Services Planning
Manual, Doc 9426-AN/924, 1984. Amendments dated 15 Aug 85, 11 Sep 85, 3 Nov 88.
Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
R6.7 Reich, Peter G., "Analysis of Long-Range Air Traffic Systems: Separation
Standards--I, II, and III," The Journal of (the Institute of) Navigation, Vol.19 (1966), No.
1, pp. 88-96; No. 2, pp. 169-176; No. 3, pp. 331-338.
R6.8 Coote, M. A., G.W. Schraw, and R.W. Schwab, “Oceanic Requirements and
Benefits Modeling for Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS),” Air Traffic Control
Quarterly, Vol. 1(1) (1993) pp. 31-57, New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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