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j. Controller skill, training, and teamwork
k. Controller workload, staffing, and procedures
4. Aircraft reaction - factors that affect aircraft reaction time in response to a
needed maneuver
a. Aircraft performance (including maneuverability)
b. Pressure and density altitude (related to aircraft performance and
atmospheric conditions)
c. Speed (e.g., relative to stall speed, available thrust, etc.)
d. Climb/descent rate
e. Attitude and bank angle
f. Proximity to terrain
B. ATC rules and procedures; airspace structure
1. Hemispheric rules
SEPARATION SAFETY MODELING
7-4
2. Route structure, i.e., the use of parallel or non-parallel ATS routes and
whether they are bi-directional or uni-directional
3. Separation minima
a. Horizontal
b. Vertical
c. How often values close to the “official” separation minima are used in
practice
4. Flight planning
a. Requirement to file flight plan
b. Requirement to fly in conformance to flight plan
c. Requirement to cruise at certain discrete altitudes -- Hemispheric rules
5. Requirement to obtain clearance prior to altitude change
6. Positive control
7. Airspace complexity and flight path geometries, including the following:
a. Traffic demand pattern
b. Number of aircraft at same altitude
c. Numbers and locations of crossing tracks
d. Amount of traffic operating on opposite direction tracks
e. Amount of traffic transitioning altitudes
f. Nature of the aircraft population (i.e., the diversity of traffic with respect
to aircraft performance and equipage, such as the mix of various
speeds, climb performance, and desired optimal flight levels)
g. Peak and average traffic demands versus system capacity
h. Runway capacities and the limitations of associated ground services
i. Any adjoining special use airspace, airspace usage, and types of activities
including the civil/military mix
j. Regional meteorological conditions (e.g., the prevalence of convective
storms, etc.)
8. Designated airspace classifications.
9. Flow management capability (ability to control traffic input to ATC)
a. Strategic air traffic flow management
b. Tactical air traffic flow management
c. Ad hoc ATC "in trail" restrictions or enhancements
d. Procedural restrictions (e.g., by local operating procedures).
10. Special airspace restrictions
a. Restricted airspace
b. Special use airspace
c. Traffic flow restrictions
d. Noise abatement restrictions
11. Special situations
a. Air shows
b. Other aviation-intensive events (e.g., Olympics)
c. Military exercises
d. Formation flight
12. Backup procedures
FACTORS POTENTIALLY AFFECTING SEPARATION SAFETY
7-5
C. Communication capability
1. Direct controller/pilot voice communication (VHF/HF/SATCOM)
2. Indirect controller/pilot voice communication (HF)
3. Controller/pilot data link communication (CPDLC)
4. Controller/controller voice and automated data link communication, both
inter and intra ATS unit(s)
5. Data link between ground ATC automation systems and aircraft flight
management computers
6. System availability, reliability, and capacity
7. Backup systems and procedures
D. Aircraft
1. Certification standards
a. Airframe
b. Power plant
c. Systems
2. Maintenance [including manuals]
a. Airframe
b. Power plant
c. Systems
3. Airplane/power plant [applies for normal operation and abnormal operation
(loss of engine, or failure of some airplane systems)]
a. Speed and altitude envelope of the airplane type [This factor may
contribute to exposure frequency in cruise operation in a given
airspace.]
b. Climb and descent profiles (speed/thrust/altitude profiles) [may affect
exposure frequency in climb and descent]
c. Maneuver response capability (e.g., to a controller or TCAS/ACAS
alert), such as:
i. Engine spool up time
ii. Airframe inertia
iii. Rate of climb or descent
iv. Level acceleration/deceleration
d. Airplane dimensions and wake vortex profile
4. Airplane systems factors
a. Navigation sensor compliment
i. ADF
ii. VOR
iii. DME
iv. IRS (newer, strap-down inertial reference systems)
v. INS (older, gimbaled inertial reference systems)
vi. Loran
vii. Omega
viii. Satellite-based systems such as GPS, GLONASS
SEPARATION SAFETY MODELING
7-6
ix. Other
b. Navigation systems
i. Navigation computer system
ii. Other, like-capability area navigation (RNAV) systems (on other
aircraft)
iii. Navigation System Performance
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a concept paper for separation safety modeling(52)
