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criteria, triggering an alert. In response to this blunder, miss distance probabilities are
computed for all potential positions of "evader" (i.e., other, non-blundering) aircraft
following a common trajectory. The probabilities include the path and timing of an
evasion maneuver made at some delay time after the alert is triggered.
The key input parameters for the lateral blunder scenario are as follows.
The blunder maneuver: speed and linear trajectory,
The evasion maneuver: speed, original trajectory, turn rate, and turn angle,
Distance between the evaders and the alert point,
Total Navigation System Error,
Total delay time (controller, communications, pilot, aircraft), and
Traffic density on the evader stream.
In the GUI, scenario visualization is aided by a simple (cartoon) animation of the
encounter geometry. Miss distance probabilities are shown in graphical form and
incorporated as risk factors in the fault tree summaries of the scenario. The completed
fault tree is available for display, along with selected summary tables.
6.9 THE AIRSPACE SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS FOR TERPS (ASAT)
SYSTEM
The Airspace Simulation and Analysis for TERPS (ASAT) System is a multifaceted
computer tool for aviation related simulations and evaluations. ASAT simulates various
operational scenarios in realistic environments consisting of single or multiple aircraft,
pilots and air traffic controllers. ASAT consists of high fidelity models and empirical data
representing each component of real life scenarios, including aircraft, geographical,
environmental, navigation systems, ATC systems and human factors models. ASAT uses
these models to generate realistic aircraft positions in time and space and produces
statistical data for risk analysis studies and visual representations.
ASAT has been used to evaluate the feasibility and safety associated with various
operational requirements, including multiple airport interaction problems, the multiple
parallel approach program, converging approaches, procedural issues, required navigation
EXISTING MODELS AND MODELING TOOLS
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performance evaluations, GPS, and GPS/WAAS. The ASAT System can be modem
linked to essentially any full motion certified aircraft simulator, so that real-time data can
be collected, played back, or analyzed. Monte Carlo simulations can be built using
continuous distributions developed from real-time data, which accurately reflect the
behavior of the aircraft, pilots, air traffic control, and associated subsystems.
Because all ASAT modules have been validated against the benchmarks of the
industry, ASAT is the benchmark modeling tool within the FAA. Additional material
about ASAT may be found in Section 5.4.
6.10 TOTAL AIRSPACE AND AIRPORT MODELLER (TAAM)
Summary
The Total Airspace and Airport Modeller (TAAM) enables the evaluation of safety
(conflicts and other separation infringements), capacity (number of movements, etc.),
and economic effects (fuel flow and direct operating costs) of a given (new)
operational Air Traffic Management (ATM) concept or airport design. TAAM uses a
suite of analytical, model-based software modules and a very advanced ATC
simulation engine with powerful graphics. TAAM can randomly modify the traffic
used in a simulation in order to test the scenarios for different traffic situations.
TAAM can also incorporate different weather and wind conditions in a simulation.
These factors have a great influence in “Free Flight” scenarios in which aircraft change
flight paths, depending on wind and weather conditions, without first notifying Air
Traffic Control (ATC).
Description
TAAM is a tool designed to evaluate the safety/capacity and economic effects of a
given new operational ATM or airport concept. The tool is built to represent the
complete ATC system by means of objects. This means, for example, that an ATC
controller or pilot is represented as an object in the model. The default actions of
those individuals can be changed by InCa (Interpreted ‘C’ for aviation) scripts. As a
result, new ATC systems can easily be tested or evaluated by a TAAM simulation.
The human factors and the human behavior components of this model can be easily
modified for a simulation by using InCa Scripts.
In order to conduct an evaluation of an operational ATM or airport concept, TAAM
uses a suite of analytical and simulation based software modules. The important ones
are:
· Conflict detection and avoidance module (including a powerful rulebase for
conflict avoidance strategies),
· Ground movement module (gate, de-icing, taxi, runway),
· En route module (including pilot/controller interaction),
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a concept paper for separation safety modeling(48)
