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Class B airspace is generally airspace from the surface to 10,000 feet MSL surrounding the nation’s busiest airports in terms of airport operations. [Figures 5-2 and 5-8] The configuration of each Class B airspace area is individually tailored, consists of a surface area and two or more layers (some Class B airspace areas resemble upside-down wedding cakes). An ATC clearance is required for all aircraft to operate in the area, and all aircraft that are so cleared receive separation services within the airspace.
As a general rule, balloons do not freely operate within Class B airspace. Equipment requirements are the same as for Class C airspace; however, due to air traffic congestion, the balloon pilot requesting entry to Class B airspace will likely be denied entry, as ballooning operations inside the Class B airspace constitute a potential traffic conflict. Most traffic transiting the Class B airspace is being flown under an IFR flight plan, or, in the very least, provide a radar signature which allows ATC to provide traffic separation. Due to their construction, balloons do not provide a radar return much larger than a small flock of birds (and are frequently mistaken as such). Should it become necessary for operational reasons to fly through Class B airspace, that flight should be coordinated at least one hour prior, as provided for by 14 CFR section 91.215. It is permissible, and perfectly legal, to operate a balloon under the lateral limits of the Class B airspace. Balloon pilots operating in the vicinity of Class B airspace are encouraged to be familiar with the airspace, including visual ground reference points when conducting flight under the lateral limits to avoid inadvertently encroaching on Class B airspace. Since aircraft operating in Class B airspace are under radar control, there is a slight difference in the cloud clearance requirements. Visibility remains three statute miles, but the only cloud clearance requirement is that the pilot remain clear of clouds. Class A Airspace
Class A airspace is generally the airspace from 18,000 feet MSL up to and including FL 600, including the airspace overlying the waters within 12 NM of the coast of the 48 contiguous states and Alaska. Unless otherwise authorized, all operations in Class A airspace are conducted under IFR. For that reason, balloons do not utilize the Class A airspace, unless operated on a waiver or are conducting some special operation, such as a record attempt. Special Use Airspace
Special Use Airspace (or Special Area of Operation) is the designation for airspace in which certain activities must be confined, or where limitations may be imposed on aircraft operations that are not part of those activities. Certain special use airspace areas can create limitations on the mixed use of airspace. The special use airspace depicted on sectional charts includes the area name or number, effective altitude, time and weather conditions of operation, the controlling agency, and the chart panel location. On National Aeronautical Charting Group (NACG) sectional charts, this information is available on one of the end panels.
Special use airspace usually consists of:
• Prohibited areas
• Restricted areas
• Warning areas
• Military operation areas (MOAs)
• Alert areas
• Controlled firing areas
5-6
Figure 5-11. Specific information about a restricted area can be found on the back of the sectional chart.
Figure 5-9. An example of a prohibited area is Crawford, Texas.
Figure 5-10. Restricted areas on a sectional chart.Prohibited Areas
Prohibited areas contain airspace of defined dimensions within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited. Such areas are established for security or other reasons associated with the national welfare. These areas are published in the Federal Register and are depicted on aeronautical charts. The area is charted as a “P” followed by a number (e.g., “P-49”). [Figure 5-9] Examples of prohibited areas include Camp David and the National Mall in Washington, D.C., where the White House and Congressional buildings are located. Restricted Areas
Restricted areas are areas where operations are hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft and contain airspace within which the flight of aircraft, while not wholly prohibited, is subject to restrictions. Activities within these areas must be confined because of their nature, or limitations may be imposed upon aircraft operations that are not a part of those activities, or both. Restricted areas denote the existence of unusual, often invisible, hazards to aircraft (e.g., artillery firing, aerial gunnery, or guided missiles). Penetration of restricted areas without authorization from the using or controlling agency may be extremely hazardous to the aircraft and its occupants. ATC facilities apply the following procedures:
1. If the restricted area is not active and has been released to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the ATC facility will allow the aircraft to operate in the restricted airspace without issuing specific clearance for it to do so.
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Balloon Flying Handbook(68)
