曝光台 注意防骗
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• Tingling in fingers and toes, and
• Numbness.
As hypoxia worsens, the field of vision begins to narrow, and instrument interpretation can become difficult. Even with all these symptoms, the effects of hypoxia can cause a pilot to have a false sense of security and be deceived into believing that everything is normal. The treatment for hypoxia includes descending to lower altitudes and/or using supplemental oxygen. Supplemental oxygen is required for certain operations above 12,500 feet mean sea level (MSL). (See 14 CFR part 91, section 91.211.)
All pilots are susceptible to the effects of oxygen starvation, regardless of physical endurance or acclimatization. When flying at high altitudes, it is paramount that oxygen be used to avoid the effects of hypoxia. The term “time of useful consciousness” describes the maximum time the pilot has to make rational, life-saving decisions and carry them out at a given altitude without supplemental oxygen. As altitude increases above 10,000 feet, the symptoms of hypoxia increase in severity, and the time of useful consciousness rapidly decreases. Many pilots have established an altitude lower than the required 12,500 MSL as their personal “do not exceed without oxygen” limit. All pilots are well advised to personalize their performance at altitude.
Since symptoms of hypoxia can be different for each individual, the ability to recognize hypoxia can be greatly improved by experiencing and witnessing the effects of it during an altitude chamber “flight.” The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) provides this opportunity through aviation physiology training, which is conducted at the FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) and at many military facilities across the United States. To attend an aviation physiology course at CAMI, call (405) 954-4837 or write:
Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center
Airman Education Program
CAMI (AAM-400)
P.O. Box 25082
Oklahoma City, OK 73125Hyperventilation
Hyperventilation occurs when an individual is experiencing emotional stress, fright, or pain, and the breathing rate and depth increase, although the carbon dioxide level in the blood is already at a reduced level. The result is an excessive loss of carbon dioxide from the body, which can lead to unconsciousness due to the respiratory system’s overriding mechanism to regain control of breathing.
Pilots encountering an unexpected stressful situation may subconsciously increase their breathing rate. If flying at higher altitudes, either with or without oxygen, a pilot may have a tendency to breathe more rapidly than normal, which often leads to hyperventilation.
Since many of the symptoms of hyperventilation are similar to those of hypoxia, it is important to correctly diagnose and treat the proper condition. If using supplemental oxygen, check the equipment and flow rate to ensure the symptoms are not hypoxia related.
Common symptoms of hyperventilation include:
• Headache;
• Decreased reaction time;
• Impaired judgment;
• Euphoria;
• Visual impairment;
• Drowsiness;
• Lightheaded or dizzy sensation;
• Tingling in fingers and toes;
• Numbness;
• Pale, clammy appearance; and
• Muscle spasms.
Hyperventilation may produce a pale, clammy appearance and muscle spasms compared to the cyanosis and limp muscles associated with hypoxia. The treatment for hyperventilation involves restoring the proper carbon dioxide level in the body. Breathing normally is both the best prevention and the best cure for hyperventilation. In addition to slowing the breathing rate, breathing into a paper bag or talking aloud helps to overcome hyperventilation. Recovery is usually rapid once the breathing rate is returned to normal.Middle Ear and Sinus Problems
Ascents and descents can sometimes cause ear or sinus pain and a temporary reduction in the ability to hear. The physiological explanation for this discomfort is a difference between the pressure of the air outside the body and that of the air inside the middle ear and nasal sinuses.
The middle ear is a small cavity located in the bone of the skull. It is closed off from the external ear canal by the eardrum. Normally, pressure differences between the middle ear and the outside world are equalized by a tube leading from inside each ear to the back of the throat on each side, called the eustachian tube. These tubes are usually closed,
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Figure 9-1. The eustachian tube allows air pressure to equalize in the middle ear.
Opening to Throat
Middle EarOuter EarAuditory CanalEustachian TubeEardrum
but open during chewing, yawning, or swallowing to equalize pressure. Even a slight difference between external pressure and middle ear pressure can cause discomfort.
In a similar way, air pressure in the sinuses equalizes with the ambient or outside pressure through small openings that connect the sinuses to the nasal passages. An upper respiratory infection, such as a cold or sinusitis, or a nasal allergic condition can produce enough congestion around an opening to slow equalization. As the difference in pressure between the sinus and the ambient atmosphere increases, congestion may plug the opening. This “sinus block” occurs most frequently during descent. Slow descent rates can reduce the associated pain. A sinus block can occur in the frontal sinuses, located above each eyebrow, or in the maxillary sinuses, located in each upper cheek. It will usually produce excruciating pain over the sinus area. A maxillary sinus block can also make the upper teeth ache. Bloody mucus may discharge from the nasal passages.
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Balloon Flying Handbook(106)
