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Nonporous. The state of having no pores or openings which will not allow gas to pass through. New hot air balloon fabric is nearly nonporous.
Notice to Airmen (NOTAM). A notice containing information concerning facilities, services, or procedures, the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations.
Nylon. The registered name for a polymeric fabric. Most balloon envelopes are made of nylon.
OODA Loop. An aeronautical decision-making model particularly suited to ballooning. Originally devised by Col. John Boyd for use by Air Force combat pilots, it has come to be widely utilized in the business community. See the discussion in chapter 1 of this handbook.
O-Ring. A doughnut-shaped packing, usually rubber, used between two moving parts to act as a seal. Balloon heater and tank valves usually have O-rings between the valve stem and valve bonnet.
Orographic. A term pertaining to mountains or anything caused by mountains, as in orographic wind (wind formed by mountains) and orographic cloud (a cloud whose existence is caused by disturbed flow of air over and around a mountain barrier).
Overtemp ( or over temperature). The act of heating the air inside a hot air balloon envelope beyond the manufacturer’s maximum temperature.
Oxygen starvation. The condition inside a balloon envelope where all available oxygen has been consumed by the heater flame and additional burning is impossible since propane must have oxygen to burn. In extreme cases, the blast flame and pilot light flame will extinguish after a long burn or series of burns and may not relight until the envelope has “breathed” additional air.
Parachute top. A deflation system wherein the deflation port is sealed with a disc of balloon fabric shaped like a parachute. Lines attached to the edge of the parachute disc gather into a single line that may be pulled down by the pilot in the basket.
Pibal. Pilot balloon; a small helium-filled balloon sent aloft to help determine wind direction, velocity, and stability.
Pilot in Command (PIC). The pilot responsible for the operation and safety of an aircraft during flight.
Piezo. (Pronounced pee-ate' zo). A piezoelectric spark generator that is built into many modern balloon heaters to ignite the pilot light.
Pilot light. A small, continuously burning flame used to ignite the main “blast” flame of a balloon heater.
Pilotage. Navigation by visual reference to landmarks.
Pinhole. Any small hole in a balloon envelope smaller than the maximum dimensions allowed for airworthiness.
Porosity. A condition of the envelope fabric that allows hot air to escape. Excessive porosity requires increased fuel use and results in higher envelope temperatures.
G-7
Positive control. According to Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations, control of all air traffic, within designated airspace, by air traffic control.
Preflight. All preparations, including gathering information, assembly, and inspection performed by the pilot before flight.
Pressure gradient. In weather, the difference between high and low pressure areas. Wind speed is directly proportional to the pressure gradient.
Pressure relief valve. A device in a propane tank designed to release excess pressure—which may be caused by overfilling, overheating, or excessive nitrogen pressurization—to prevent tank rupture.
Preventive maintenance. Simple or minor preservation operations and the replacement of small standard parts not involving complex assembly operations.
Prohibited area. According to Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations, designated airspace within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited.
Propane. A colorless and odorless gas. Ethyl mercaptan is added to propane to give it a detectable odor. Propane weighs 4.2 pounds per gallon at 60 °Fahrenheit.
Practical Test Standard (PTS). Book containing areas of knowledge and skill that a person must demonstrate competency in for the issuance of pilot certificates or ratings.
Pull test. A strength test in which a section of envelope fabric is pulled to a definite pound measurement to determine if it meets the certification requirements for airworthiness.
Pyrometer. An instrument used to measure air temperature inside the top of a balloon envelope.
Rapid descent. A relatively fast loss of altitude. A subjective term, but usually meant to describe a descent of more than 500 fpm.
Rating. According to Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations, a statement that, as part of a pilot certificate, sets forth special conditions, privileges, or limitations.
Red line. Refers to a line which activates the deflation panel of a balloon, or the maximum envelope temperature allowed, or the maximum on a gauge.
Repair station. A facility where specified aircraft and their parts may be inspected, repaired, altered, modified, or maintained. FAA approval is issued to a facility upon qualifications specified by the local FSDO.
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Balloon Flying Handbook(148)
