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The deflation port is located at the top of the envelope and allows for the controlled release of hot air. It is covered by the deflation panel sometimes called a top cap, parachute top, or spring top. [Figure 2-4] In a balloon with a parachute top, partial opening of the parachute valve is the normal way to cool the balloon. Balloons with other types of deflation panels may have a cooling vent in the side or the top. Many balloons are also equipped with turning vents, which allow for the pilot to turn the balloon on its vertical axis while in flight. Turning vents help a pilot align the basket for landing, or in the case of commercial balloons, align the balloon’s logo toward the crowd.Special Shape Balloons
Balloons that do not have a traditional “teardrop” shape are called special shape balloons. [Figure 2-5] They may be completely engineered systems which have been designed to resemble cans, sports balls, cartoon characters, cars, etc.
Some balloons have appendages added to the envelope. Appendages are pieces added to a balloon envelope in order to create a particular shape or rendition, not necessarily keeping with a standard shape balloon. To be designated an appendaged envelope, less than 10 percent of the total capacity of the balloon is contained within the appendage. While the appendaged envelope has the same general flight characteristics as a standard balloon shape, there are some differences. For example, the added weight of the appendage may cause the overall envelope to weigh significantly more than teardrop balloons of equal size. Appendage balloons also have the tendency to rotate during aggressive climbs and descents.
A special shape envelope requires a substantial amount of engineering to ensure the envelope is properly stressed, and the balloon has no undesirable flight characteristics due to the shape. Special shape balloons built in the United States or the United Kingdom are normally issued Standard Airworthiness Certificates, but special shape balloons imported from other manufacturers in other countries may be issued an Experimental Airworthiness Certificate. A balloon with an Experimental Airworthiness Certificate usually may not be flown for compensation or hire, which negates the marketability of such a balloon. Additionally, an experimental balloon may not be flown over congested areas,
2-5
F
igure 2-3. Typical double burners configuration.BURNER CANCOIL ASSEMBLYLIQUID FIRE JET ASSEMBLYIGNITOR ASSEMBLYPILOT LIGHT ASSEMBLYCOIL POSTLIQUID FIRE VALVE ASSEMBLYHANDLE TUBEMAIN VALVE ASSEMBLYSWIVEL ASSEMBLYGIMBAL BLOCK CAP LOWERGIMBAL BLOCK CAP UPPERPRESSURE GAUGE ASSEMBLYGIMBAL TENSION ADJUSTMENT SCREWGIMBAL MOUNTING SCREW654321121110151413987131211102189157143456DOUBLE BURNERS CONFIGURATION
Figure 2-6. Typical single heater (burner).
VALVE BLOCK
ASSEMBLYBURNER CANCOIL ASSEMBLY6543214165432165SINGLE BURNER CONFIGURATIONLIQUID FIRE JET ASSEMBLYIGNITOR ASSEMBLYPILOT LIGHT ASSEMBLY
Figure 2-7. Typical double heater (burner).
per Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 91, section 91.319. Experimental balloons also require specific documentation when flown outside of an area of 50 miles from its home port. Pilots of special shape balloons with an Experimental Airworthiness Certificate should coordinate their activities with their local Flight Service District Office to avoid problems.Thermal Airships
A thermal airship combines the characteristics of a hot air balloon, with respect to lifting force, and an airship, with respect to its capacity of being steered while in flight. To develop proficiency in this aircraft, knowledge is required of not only hot air balloon operations and physics, but also of airship operations. It is estimated that there are currently less than 10 of these aircraft in the United States, and there is no specific pilot certificate for thermal airships. These aircraft are extremely expensive to purchase, and have some significant operating limitations with reference to winds. Any further discussion is outside the scope of this handbook. Heater System
The heater system consists of propane burners (one or more), fuel tanks that store liquid propane, and fuel lines that carry the propane from the tanks to the burners. The burners convert ambient air into hot air, which in turn provides the lift required for flight. [Figures 2-6 and 2-7]
2-6
Figure 2-9. Representative sport basket configuration.
F
igure 2-4. Fuel system schematic.TANK2001401201000250PSI0406080160180Pilot valvePressure gaugePilot lightLiquid valveBlast valveNozzleHeat exchangers
Figure 2-8. Fuel system schematic.Propane fuel is used to heat the air which generates buoyancy for flight. The propane is stored in one or more fuel tanks located in the basket. A withdrawal tube attached to the liquid tank valve permits liquid propane to be drawn from the bottom of the fuel tanks. The liquid propane is supplied to the burner assembly through the fuel hoses that connect the fuel tanks to the heater assembly (commonly referred to as the burner). The fuel system also provides propane to the pilot light.
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Balloon Flying Handbook(22)
