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Convective SIGMETs are issued for each area of the contiguous 48 states but not Alaska or Hawaii. Convective SIGMETs are issued for the eastern (E), western (W), and central (C) United States. Each report is issued at 55 minutes past the hour, but special reports can be issued during the interim for any reason. Each forecast is valid for 2 hours. They are numbered sequentially each day from 1-99, beginning at 00 Zulu time. If no hazardous weather exists, the Convective SIGMET will still be issued; however, it will state “CONVECTIVE SIGMET…. NONE.”
Example:
MKCC WST 221855 CONVECTIVE SIGMET 21C VALID UNTIL 2055 KS OK TX
VCNTY GLD-CDS LINE NO SGFNT TSTMS RPRTD LINE TSTMS DVLPG BY 1955Z WILL MOV EWD 30-35 KT THRU 2055Z HAIL TO 2 IN PSBLPilot Weather Reports (PIREPs)
Pilot weather reports (PIREPs) provide valuable information regarding the conditions as they actually exist in the air, and cannot be gathered from any other source. Pilots can confirm the height of bases and tops of clouds, locations of wind shear and turbulence, and the location of inflight icing. If the ceiling is below 5,000 feet, or visibility is at or below 5 miles, ATC facilities are required to solicit PIREPs from pilots in the area. When unexpected weather conditions are encountered, pilots are encouraged to make a report to an FSS or ATC. When a pilot weather report is filed, the ATC facility or FSS will add it to the distribution system to brief other pilots and provide inflight advisories.
PIREPs are easy to file, and a standard reporting form outlines the manner in which they should be filed. Figure 11-4 shows the elements of a PIREP form. Item numbers 1 through 5 are required information when making a report, as well as at least one weather phenomenon encountered. PIREPs are normally transmitted as an individual report, but may be appended to a surface report. Pilot reports are easily decoded and most contractions used in the reports are self-explanatory.
Example:
UA/OV GGG 090025/ M 1450/ FL 060/ TP C182/ SK 080 OVC/ WX FV 04R/ TA 05/ WV 270030/ TB LGT/ RM HVY RAIN
Explanation:
Type: Routine pilot report
Location: 25 NM out on the 090° radial, Gregg County VOR
Time: 1450 Zulu
Altitude or Flight Level: 6,000 feet
Aircraft Type: Cessna 182
Sky Cover: 8,000 overcast
4-41
Visibility/Weather: 4 miles in rain
Temperature: 5° Celsius
Wind: 270° at 30 knots
Turbulence: Light
Icing: None reported
Remarks: Rain is heavy
Chapter Summary
A thorough understanding of the weather is a “make or break” item for the balloon pilot; without a complete picture of the weather, a pilot may make an ill-advised decision to launch that may result in injury, damage to the balloon, or worse. It is imperative that a pilot use as many resources as he can, understanding the variables potentially affecting flight, and making an informed decision to conduct a safe flight.
Perhaps the most valuable point to be made is that the balloon pilot must use and exercise common sense. When flying a balloon, the most desirable conditions are good visibility, light winds, and no precipitation. Anything other than that scenario should be reason to pause and consider the possible outcome of a launch. There is never an absolute requirement to fly—there is always the possibility of making the decision to try again another day.
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5-1
Introduction
The National Airspace System (NAS) is the network of all components regarding airspace in the United States. This comprehensive label includes air navigation facilities, equipment, services, airports or landing areas, aeronautical charts, information/services, rules, regulations, procedures, technical information, manpower, and material. Many of these system components are shared jointly with the military. To conform to international aviation standards, the United States adopted the primary elements of the classification system developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). This chapter provides a general discussion of airspace classification. Detailed information on the classification of airspace, operating procedures, and restrictions is found in the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM).
The National
Airspace System
Chapter 5
5-2
Basic VFR Weather Minimums
AirspaceFlight visibilityDistance from clouds Class G 1,200 feet or less above the surface 1 statute mile clear of clouds (regardless of MSL altitude). More than 1,200 feet above the 1 statute mile 1,000 feet above surface but less than 10,000 feet MSL. 500 feet below 2,000 feet horizontal Class E At or above 10,000 feet MSL 5 statute miles 1,000 feet above 1,000 feet below 1 statute mile horizontal Less than 10,000 feet MSL 3 statute miles 1,000 feet above 500 feet below 2,000 feet horizontal Class D 3 statute miles 1,000 feet above 500 feet below 2,000 feet horizontal Class C 3 statute miles 1,000 feet above 500 feet below 2,000 feet horizontal Class B 3 statute miles Clear of clouds
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Balloon Flying Handbook(65)
