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To decode this type of data group, the reverse process must be accomplished. For example, when the data appears as “731960,” subtract 50 from the 73 and add 100 to the 19; the wind would be 230° at 119 knots with a temperature of –60°C. If the wind speed is forecast to be 200 knots or greater, the wind group is coded as 99 knots. When the data appears as “7799,” subtract 50 from 77 and add 100 to 99; the wind is 270° at 199 knots or greater. When the forecast wind speed is calm or less than 5 knots, the data group is coded “9900,” which means light and variable.Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)
METAR is an observation of current surface weather reported in a standard international format. While the METAR code has been adopted worldwide, each country is allowed to make
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Figure 4-37. Sample FD report.
modifications to the code. This discussion of METAR will cover elements used in the United States.
Example:
METAR KGGG 161753Z AUTO 14021G26 3/4SM +TSRA BR BKN008 OVC012CB 18/17 A2970 RMK PRESFR
A typical METAR report contains the following information in sequential order:
1. Type of report—the first of two types of METAR reports is the routine METAR report that is transmitted every hour. The second is the aviation selected special weather report (SPECI). This is a special report that can be given at any time to update the METAR for rapidly changing weather conditions, aircraft mishaps, or other critical information.
2. Station identifier—each station is identified by a four-letter code as established by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). In the 48 contiguous states, a unique three-letter identifier is preceded by the letter “K.” For example, Gregg County Airport in Longview, Texas, is identified by the letters “KGGG,” K being the country designation and GGG being the airport identifier. In other regions of the world, including Alaska and Hawaii, the first two letters of the four-letter ICAO identifier indicate the region, country, or state. Alaska identifiers always begin with the letters “PA” and Hawaii identifiers always begin with the letters “PH.” A list of station identifiers can be found at an FSS or NWS office or online at www.eurocontrol.int/icaoref/.
3. Date and time of report—are depicted in a six-digit group (e.g., 161753Z). The first two digits of the six-digit group are the date. The last four digits are the time of the METAR, which is always given in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). A “Z” is appended to the end of the time to denote the time is given in Zulu time (UTC) as opposed to local time.
4. Modifier—denotes that the METAR came from an automated source or that the report was corrected. If the notation “AUTO” is listed in the METAR, the report came from an automated source. It also lists “AO1” or “AO2” in the remarks section to indicate the type of precipitation sensors employed at the automated station. When the modifier “COR” is used, it identifies a corrected report sent out to replace an earlier report that contained an error (for example: METAR KGGG 161753Z COR).
5. Wind—reported with five digits (e.g., 14021) unless the speed is greater than 99 knots, which requires six digits. The first three digits indicate the direction the wind is blowing in tens of degrees. If the wind is variable, it is reported as “VRB.” The last two digits indicate the speed of the wind in knots (KT) unless the wind is greater than 99 knots, which requires three digits. If the winds are gusting, the letter “G” follows the wind speed. After the letter “G,” the peak gust recorded is provided (e.g., 21G26). If the wind varies more than 60° and the wind speed is greater than 6 knots, a separate group of numbers, separated by a “V,” will indicate the extremes of the wind directions.
6. Visibility—the prevailing visibility (e.g., 3/4 SM) is reported in statute miles as denoted by the letters “SM.” It is reported in both miles and fractions of miles. At times, runway visual range (RVR) is reported following the prevailing visibility. RVR is the distance a pilot can see down the runway in a moving aircraft. When RVR is reported, it is shown with an R, then the runway number followed by a slant, then the visual range in feet. For example, when the RVR is reported as R17L/1400FT, it translates to a visual range of 1,400 feet on runway 17 left.
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7. Weather—broken down into two different categories: qualifiers and weather phenomenon (e.g., +TSRA BR). First, the qualifiers of intensity, proximity, and the descriptor of the weather will be given. The intensity may be light (–), moderate ( ), or heavy (+). Proximity depicts only weather phenomena that are in the airport vicinity. The notation “VC” indicates a specific weather phenomenon is in the vicinity of 5 to 10 miles from the airport. Descriptors are used to describe certain types of precipitation and obscurations. Weather phenomena may be reported as being precipitation, obscurations, and other phenomena such as squalls or funnel clouds. Descriptions of weather phenomena as they begin or end, and hailstone size are also listed in the remarks sections of the report.
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