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Table of Contents
viii
Chapter 3
Preflight Planning ................................................3-1
Introduction ...................................................................3-1
Purpose of Flight ............................................................3-2
Weather ..........................................................................3-2
Navigation ......................................................................3-4
Performance Planning ....................................................3-8
Special Conditions .......................................................3-10
Cold Weather Flying ................................................3-10
Mountain Flying ......................................................3-11
The Ground Crew .......................................................3-11
Flying in New Territory ............................................3-12
Equipment ................................................................3-12
Personal Preparation ................................................3-13
Chapter Summary ........................................................3-13
Chapter 4
Weather Theory and Reports .............................4-1
Introduction ....................................................................4-1
The Atmosphere .............................................................4-2
Composition ...............................................................4-2
The Standard Atmosphere ..........................................4-2
Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure ......................4-3
Temperature ....................................................................4-3
Temperature Scales .....................................................4-3
Temperature Variations ...............................................4-4
Temperature Variations with Topography ...............4-4
Temperature Variation with Altitude .......................4-4
Heat Transfer ..............................................................4-4
Radiation .................................................................4-4
Conduction ..............................................................4-4
Convection ..............................................................4-5
The Adiabatic Process ............................................4-5
Air Masses .....................................................................4-5
Characteristics ............................................................4-5
Pressure Systems .......................................................4-6
Fronts .............................................................................4-7
Types of Fronts ...........................................................4-7
Cold Front ...............................................................4-7
Stationary Front ......................................................4-9
Occluded Front .......................................................4-9
Surface Fronts .......................................................4-10
Winds and Currents .....................................................4-10
Atmospheric Circulation ..........................................4-10
Coriolis Force ......................................................4-11
Pressure Gradient ..................................................4-11
Surface Friction .....................................................4-12
Wind Patterns ...........................................................4-12
Convective Currents .................................................4-13
The Jet Stream .........................................................4-13
Local and Small-Scale Winds .................................4-14
Gradient Winds .....................................................4-14
Orographic Winds .................................................4-14
Anabatic Winds ....................................................4-14
Katabatic Winds ...................................................4-15
Clouds ..........................................................................4-15
Cloud Formation .......................................................4-15
Ceilings and Visibilities ...........................................4-18
Ceiling ...................................................................4-18
Visibility ...............................................................4-18
Temperature/Dew Point Relationship ...........................4-18
Fog ............................................................................4-18
Fog Formation .......................................................4-19
Fog Types and Characteristics ..............................4-19
Atmospheric Stability and Instability ..........................4-20
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Balloon Flying Handbook(3)
