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Haiyang
The Haiyang (“Oceans”) series satellites are officially ocean-observation satellites intended for monitoring of oceanic resources, port building, and environmental and pollution study. Currently, the second satellite in the series, Haiyang 1B, launched in April 2007, is operational. The first, Haiyang 1A, was launched in 2002 and is no longer operational. Haiyang 1B carries a 10-channel infrared scanner with resolution of
1.1 km and a four-band CCD camera with maximum resolution of 250 m. These satellites are controlled by the State Oceanic Administra-tion and have little or no military utility, but reportedly a Haiyang 2 series and Haiyang 3 series are under development. Instruments car-ried by the Haiyang 2 series will include an altimeter to measure sea surface height, which, depending on the capability of the instrument, could theoretically be used to attempt to detect the presence of sub-merged submarines. The Haiyang 3 series, the first of which is expected to be launched in 2012, will reportedly carry a radar that operates in the X-band (8–12 GHz) and is capable of obtaining images of land and ocean features (e.g., ships) with resolution as fine as 1 m. The Haiyang program appears to be behind schedule, however. The first satellite of the Haiyang 2 series (Haiyang 2A) was originally said to be planned for launch in 2009. As of July 2010, however, only Haiyang 1B was in orbit (“UCS Satellite Database”; “Haiyang Series,” 2010; Pollpeter, 2008, p. 21).
Military Imagery Reconnaissance Satellites
China has three series of military imagery satellites. The oldest are the Fanhui Shi Weixing (FSW) recoverable film satellites. These have been followed by the Ziyuan and, most recently, Yaogan series.
FSW
Five different models of FSW (“Recoverable Satellite”) satellites have been developed (corresponding to the military designators Jianbing 1, 2, and 4). The first launch was attempted in 1974, but it failed. The first successful launch took place in 1975. Since that time, 21 addi-tional missions have been flown, the most recent in 2005. The most recent missions lasted 18 to 27 days. Presumably, the advantage of the FSW satellites, even though China is now able to produce satellites with high-resolution CCD cameras, is that the shortness of the mis-sion dictated by the limited quantity of film that can be carried allows the satellites to be flown in lower, quickly decaying orbits. For exam-ple, as noted above, the Yaogan series orbit above 600 km. The most recent series of FSW missions, by contrast, flew in orbits that varied between about 200 km and 320 km, or between 165 km and 550 km. Orbits this low cannot be maintained for long periods of time because of the atmospheric drag, but since the film in the cameras is apparently exhausted after 18 to 27 days, this is not a problem for the FSW series. And since resolution is a linear function of range, a satellite orbiting at 300-km altitude can collect images with twice as high resolution as a satellite orbiting at 600-km altitude (“Fanhui Shi Weixing 3 [FSW-3]/ JianBing-4 Series,” 2010).
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