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CBERS
The stated mission of the CBERS is to provide imagery of the earth’s surface for applications including agriculture, environmental protec-tion, hydrological and ocean resources, forestry, and geology. Three CBERS have been launched since 1999. At the moment, apparently only the third, CBERS 2B, launched in September 2007, remains in operation, but at least two additional satellites are planned. The satel-lites have multisensor payloads with different spatial resolutions and image-collecting frequencies, including a wide field imager (WFI), a charge-coupled-device (CCD) camera, and a high-resolution pan-chromatic (i.e., black-and-white) camera (HRC).3 Brazil developed the WFI, while China developed the CCD camera and the HRC.4 The onboard WFI has a ground swath of 890 km at a spatial resolution of 260 m in two spectral bands. The CCD camera provides images of a 113-km-wide swath with 20-m spatial resolution in five spectral bands and is capable of taking stereoscopic images. The HRC provides images of a swath 27 km wide with a resolution of 2.7 m. Images from the WFI and CCD cameras are available to the public; images from the HRC are not (“China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellites [CBERS]/ Ziyuan Series,” 2009; “Zi Yuan CBERS [China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite],”; “CBERS: China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite”).
Images with 20-m resolution, such as those provided by the CCD camera on CBERS 2B, are too coarse to be militarily useful, but images with 2.7-m resolution, such as those provided by the HRC, can be militarily useful. For example, 2.7-m resolution is sufficient to identify ship or aircraft types and thus would enable an analyst to determine whether a ship was an aircraft carrier or a cargo ship, or whether fighter aircraft were present at an airbase. Thus, it is interesting that images from the HRC, unlike those from the WFI and CCD camera, are not publicly available.
Huanjing
The Huanjing (“Environment”) series satellites are described as envi-ronmental and disaster-monitoring small satellites. Two of a planned 11 had been launched as of July 2010. Both were launched atop a single launch vehicle in September 2008, and both are equipped with a CCD camera of 20-m resolution. Huanjing 1A also carries a multispectral (visible and infrared) radiometer with 100-m resolution. Huanjing 1B carries an infrared camera with 150-m resolution. A third satel-lite, Huanjing 1C, which was expected to launch in 2010, carries an S-band (2–4 GHz) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) capable of seeing through clouds and at night with a resolution of 20 m. As noted above,
3 See “Zi Yuan CBERS (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite).”
4
See “CBERS: China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite.”
images of 20-m resolution have limited military utility. Thus, the cur-rent Huanjing satellites cannot make a significant contribution to Chi-na’s military capabilities (“UCS Satellite Database”; “Huanjing Series,” 2010).
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