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30 In fact Gantt charts were invented back in 1917 by Henry Gantt.
Why Projects Fail
17
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the aircraft, which was conceived to fly at a
subsonic condition with a high lift coefficient.
In the sequence, a new winglet
configuration was designed for the Legacy
Business Jet, which cruises at Mach number of
0.80 and higher lift coefficient. Finally, the
Embraer 170/175 and the larger 195 were
designed with winglets. Both transonic windtunnel
testing at DNW in The Netherlands and
at TsAGI facilities in Russia showed significant
drag reductions provided by some winglets
configurations under investigation.
Trailing vortices and downwash
A vortex in general terms is the rotational
motion of fluid, often comprising a strong
region of low-pressure in its core. Wake
vortices are generated whenever an aircraft
produces lift. The principal structure of the
wake downstream from a wing comprises a
trailing vortex pair resulting of the merge of all
vortices shed from the wing trailing edge with
the tip vortex. Each vortex of the pair is formed
in the vicinity of the wingtip because the tip
vortex attracts the remaining weaker vortices.
This structure may change if flaps are deflected
(Figs. 1, 2, 3). In this case, two vortex pairs will
be observed. In Fig. 1 it can be noted that only
the outboard vortex cores were made visible by
the water vapor condensation due to the
pressure drop existent in this region. Fig. 3
reveals vortices originating at the wing flaps of
a BAe-146 airliner.
Fig. 1 – Outboard trailing-vortex cores at landing
(Photo by Mark Garfinkel).
Fig. 2 – Trailing-vortex structure for a wing with
flaps deflected.
Fig. 3 – Vortices originated by flaps
(Photo by Olov Newborg).
The vortex wake produced by aircraft
is more complicated than had been thought and
may produce unforeseen turbulence in the air.
Such flow structures play an important role in
flight safety, since they can induce large rolling
moments on other neighboring aircraft, and are
known to cause loss of maneuverability control
and fatalities. In rare instances a wake encounter
could cause inflight structural damage of
catastrophic proportions. However, the usual
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