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install fire stopping.
l) With references, the participant will complete documentation requirements:
describe post project activities;
track inventory.
m) With references, the participants will restore site:
remove all cables from racks, ladder trays, and conduits;
pack all equipment from racks;
remove racks, ladder trays, and conduits;
clean up site.
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Chapter 14. Human Factors
14.1 INTRODUCTION
14.1.1 Lapses in human performance are cited as casual factors in the majority of accidents. If the accident
rate is to be decreased, Human Factors must be better understood and Human Factors knowledge more
broadly applied. Increasing awareness of the importance of aviation Human Factors presents the
international aviation community with a single most significant opportunity to make aviation both safer and
more efficient. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce ATSEP to fundamental Human Factors concepts
in ANS.
14.2 THE MEANING OF HUMAN FACTORS
14.2.1 Human Factors as a term has to be clearly defined because when these words are used in the
vernacular they are often applied to any factor related to humans. The human element is the most flexible,
adaptable and valuable part of the aviation system, but it is also the most vulnerable to influences which can
adversely effect its performance. Throughout the years, some three out of four accidents have resulted from
less than optimum human performance.
14.2.2 Human Factors is a technology which deals with people: it is about people in their working and
living environments, and it is about their relationship with machines, equipment and procedures. Just as
important, it is about their relationship with each other as individuals and in groups. It involves the overall
performance of human beings within the Air Navigation System. Human Factors seeks to optimize the
performance of people by the systematic application of the human sciences, often integrated within the
framework of system engineering. Its twin objectives can be seen as safety and efficiency.
14.2.3 Human Factors has come to be concerned with diverse elements of the ATSEP in the ANS. These
include human behaviour, decision-making and other cognitive processes, the maintenance and repair of
electronic systems, the installation and/or modification of electronic systems, communication and software
aspects of computers, as well as training.
14.2.4 Cultural differences have been recognized as issues of concern to Human Factors. The subject has
been studied by many Human Factors specialists.
14.2.5 Human Factors in the ANS for the ATSEP is primarily oriented toward solving practical problems
in the real world. There are a growing number of integrated Human Factors techniques or methods; these
varied and developing techniques can be applied to problems as diverse as accident investigation and the
optimization of personnel training.
14.2.6 It is most important that all concerned with the operation and administration of the ANS recognize
the inevitability of human error. No person, whether designer, engineer, manager, controller or ATSEP can
perform perfectly at all times. Also, what could be considered perfect performance in one set of circumstances
might well be unacceptable in another. Thus, people need to be seen as they really are; to wish that they be
intrinsically “better” or “different” is futile, unless such a wish is backed by a recommendation for remedial
action. Such a recommendation can be further supplemented by the provision of means to achieve better
design, training, education, experience, motivation, etc., with the objective of positively influencing
relevant aspects of human performance.
14.2.7 An understanding of the predictable human capabilities and limitations and the applications of this
understanding are the primary concerns of Human Factors. Human Factors has been progressively
developed, refined and institutionalized since the end of the last century, and is now backed by a vast store
of knowledge which can be used by those concerned with enhancing the safety of the complex system which
is today’s civil air transport system.
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14.3 AWARENESS
14.3.1 Awareness is the essential first phase and usually comprises instructional presentations focusing on
the roles of interpersonal and group factors of the ATSEP. A useful way of beginning the awareness phase
might be to introduce ATSEP skills as they pertain to communication, situation awareness, problem solving,
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