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so handle them carefully.
Hypothermia happens quite slowly,
and arises from cold and wind,
poorly insulated or wet clothing,
prolonged immersion in even warm
water, and fatigue (in water, heat is
conducted away 25% faster than in
cold air). Shivering and grogginess
are among the early symptoms, allied
with poor judgement and muddled
thinking. As it gets worse, the
shivering may stop and the attention
span will reduce, together with
shallow breathing and a slow, weak
pulse. Unconsciousness and little or
no breathing signifies the full thing,
with dilated pupils.
Although direct heating is not
recommended for hypothermia, it is
a better solution for frostbite than
friction (for example, cupping a
frozen ear with your hand will have a
better effect than rubbing it). The
only reason you would hold snow
against a frostbitten part of your
body is to relieve any pain caused by
warming – it will not help with the
original condition! Also, the fact that
a liquid is not frozen doesn’t mean it
will help, either.
You can communicate with SAR
aircraft visually by making signals on
the ground (the two below are only a
selection of the full range available -
see the AIP). They should be at least
8 feet high (or as large as possible)
with as large a contrast as possible
being obtained between the materials
used and the background.
Need Assistance V
Need Medical Help X
Leave about 10 feet between them.
Rocking of the rescue aircraft's
wings during daylight and flashing of
the landing or navigation lights twice
at night indicates your signals are
understood.
A typical job done in a remote area
is Site Support, in Specialised Tasks.
Survival kits are considered
below…..
Emergency Equipment
Every aircraft carries a First Aid kit
that conforms to whatever standards
are relevant, and is certified by an
engineer. Lifejackets are commonly
stored under the relevant seats when
carried, or on the rear parcel shelf,
and liferafts should be securely
stowed but easily accessible.
ELTs are supposed to come on
automatically, and they generally do
if they are attached to fixed wing
aircraft, assuming the batteries are
kept up to scratch and they are
checked regularly, but, with
helicopters, there are fewer
guarantees that this will happen. For
a start, there's a lot more vibration,
and there are less places to attach it,
as they should be fitted as far aft as
possible, aligned fore-and-aft so the
shock forces activate the G switch
Operational Stuff 105
properly. Where it's fitted in the
cabin, it's often switched off so it
doesn't get kicked or bashed and set
off accidentally, which is why it's a
good idea to include switching the
thing on as part of your emergency
checklist on the way down. Not all
military helicopters monitor 121.5, as
it's primarily a civilian emergency
channel, so get one with 243 Mhz as
well, which is where they mainly
hang out.
Make sure the survival kit can be
easily opened one-handed with cold
fingers! Talking of which, this item
should also be inspected regularly, as
you don't want any nasty surprises
when you come to use it, and find
that someone's pinched the
chocolate, or the matches. As space
is limited, food should be of a lesser
priority than firemaking and
signalling devices, and drinking
water, or purifying tablets, at least,
and anything specially required for
the area you are in, but you still need
it (power bars and chocolate carry a
good bang for buck). Try to carry it
in your pockets, or in a place you
can get it in a crash, because
Murphy's Law will dictate that the
luggage compartment is underneath
the hull.
Your local regulations should give
you a good list of what is required in
a survival kit, but here are a couple
of extra items to consider:
Magnesium is great for starting fires,
as is masking tape (or duct tape in N
America), which can also be used for
strapping up wounds, etc. Heavy
duty garbage bags are great for
keeping the rain off, and you may
need a licence to carry a weapon, if
one is included.
Loading and C of G
There are two aspects to Loading,
the weights and their distribution,
and you sometimes get some nasty
surprises—some fuel tanks have
unusual shapes, so you won't get a
straight line variation; every fuel load
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The Helicopter Pilot’s Handbook(70)
