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the chances of disorientation,
although it does ensure that the
engine or transmission moves away
from the cabin if it breaks free, due
to gyroscopic precession. The way
out of a submerged cabin is to place
a hand on an open window or door,
and follow your hand out, so you
have a better idea of which way is
up. Otherwise, instruct passengers
not to leave until everything has
quietened down. When you do, take
the flotation and survival gear, but
keep everyone together (remember
that even seat cushions float). Attach
the raft to the aircraft until you need
to inflate it, as it will sail away
downwind quite easily.
Splash, use flares or mirrors to
attract attention, but let the rescuers
come to you. Don't leave the
security of the raft or aircraft unless
you're actually being rescued as the
downwash or wind will blow them
away from you.
Keep moving—don't attempt to
swim unless land is less than a mile
or so away, but DON’T DRINK
SEAWATER – it absorbs liquid and
body fluids are used to try and get
rid of it, so it gets you twice. Cold
makes you give up, so try and keep a
positive mental attitude. Except in
mid-ocean, SAR will be operational
very soon after the distress call, so
switch on the SARBE or ELT as
soon as convenient, which will also
assist a SAR satellite to get a fix on
you. Try not to point the aerial
directly at rescue aircraft as this may
put them in a null zone.
Don't worry if the rescue helicopter
disappears for ten minutes after
finding you. It will be making an
automatic letdown to your exact
position after locating your overhead
at height. This is where the
temptation to use speech is very
strong, but should be resisted
because this is when the homing
signal from the ELT/SARBE is
most needed. Speech should only be
used as a last resort as, not only will
it wear your batteries down, but also
102 The Helicopter Pilot’s Handbook
take priority over the homing signal
used to fix your position. If you feel
the need to do something, fire off a
few mini-flares instead. Or scream.
Finally, once in the winch strop,
don't grasp the hook, because of the
possibility of shocks from static
electricity.
Equipment
This needs to be for aviation use.
Rafts
Aviation liferafts are designed to
vent to atmosphere in case of a
problem, rather than into the liferaft
itself, as is the case with marine ones
(they could inflate in the cabin).
As it will float before it's fully
inflated, tie it to the airframe (unless
it's actually sinking), or a person,
before inflating (in fact, it should be
tied to at least one person as much
as possible). Do this downwind, so it
doesn't get damaged against the
aircraft. To turn it upright in the
water, get downwind, and place the
cylinder, which is heavy, towards
you. This weight, plus the wind, will
help it to flip over. Once inside the
raft, protect yourself as much as
possible with the canopy, and get the
sea anchor out. Buoyancy chambers
should be firm, but not rock hard.
Lifejackets
An unconscious person needs 35 lbs
of buoyancy to keep afloat, so make
sure they are so capable, especially
taking a fair bit of wear and tear.
Automatically inflated types activate
when a soluble tablet gets wet, which
is no good in a water-filled cabin, as
you will be unlikely to get out of the
cabin entrance. Purloining them
from airlines is also not a good idea,
as they use one-shot jackets. The
reason CO2 is used to inflate them is
that it doesn't burn.
Immersion Suits
Immersion suits are useful, but they
are not necessarily to keep you warm
long-term, that is, to delay
hypothermia, although that is part of
their function - a good majority of
deaths with a suit on occur well
within any time needed for
hypothermia to even set in. The real
danger is inside the first two or three
minutes, from cold shock response,
which will reduce your capacity to
hold your breath, and possibly set
off hyperventilation, aside from
contracting blood vessels and raising
the blood pressure. At temperatures
between 5-10°, the average capability
for holding the breath reduces to
about 10 seconds, if at all.
From 3-15 minutes, the problem
appears to be keeping the airways
clear – it can be quite frustrating
trying to breathe while you're
continually being splashed. It's not
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The Helicopter Pilot’s Handbook(68)
