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Type I
OAT (Co) Frost Freezing Fog Snow Freezing Rain Rain cold
soaked wings
Above 0 0:18 – 0:45 0:12 – 0:30 0:06 – 0:15 0:02 – 0:05 0:06 – 0:15
0 to –7 0:18 – 0:45 0:06 – 0:15 0:06 – 0:15 0:01 – 0:03 N/A
below –7 0:12 – 0:30 0:06 – 0:15 0:06 – 0:15 N/A N/A
Source: International Standards Organisation (ISO) 11076:1993(E) Table 3
Type II
Approx holdover times anticipated under various conditions (hours:minutes)
OAT (°C) undil fluid/water Frost Freezing
Fog
Snow Freezing
Rain
Rain cold
soaked wings
above 0 100/0 12:00 1:15–3:00 0:25–1:00 0:08–0:20 0:24–1:00
75/25 6:00 0:50–2:00 0:20–0:45 0:04–0:10 0:18–0:45
50/50 4:00 0:35–1:30 0:15–0:30 0:02–0:05 0:12–0:30
0 100/0 8:00 0:35–1:30 0:20–0:45 0:08–0:20 N/A
0 to –7 75/25 5:00 0:25–1:00 0:15–0:30 0:04–0:10 N/A
50/50 3:00 0:20–0:45 0:05–0:15 0:01–0:03 N/A
–7 to –14 100/0 8:00 0:35–1:30 0:20–0:45 N/A N/A
75/25 5:00 0:25–1:00 0:15–0:30 N/A N/A
–14 to –25 100/0 8:00 0:35–1:30 0:20–0:45 N/A N/A
Source: International Standards Organisation (ISO) 11076:1993(E) Table 4
Notes: Under extreme conditions, heat the neat fluid (60°C max) for sprayability. No significant increase
is achieved with a stronger mix of type 1. Kilfrost is normally mixed 50/50 or 60/40. The Freezing Rain
columns have been replaced in some countries with Light Freezing Rain and Freezing Drizzle.
176 The Helicopter Pilot’s Handbook
Index
A
accident, 54, 105
Aerial Application, 38
Aerial Work, 21, 83
aerofoil, 12
aeroplanes, 130
AFFF, 52
Air Ambulance, 49
Air Cadets, 53
Air Operator's Certificate, 40
Air Taxi, 183
Air Testing, 85
air to ground communications, 21
Air Transport Licence, 58
airmanship, 54, 106
airspeed, 13, 29, 30, 60, 65, 66, 68,
69, 119, 121
alcohol, 78
altimeters, 76
Ambulance Taxi Transport, 49
angle of attack, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18
animals, 59
ANO, 20, 91, 104, 110, 113
AOC, 58
APU, 126
AStar, 127
ATC, 61, 94, 99, 103
ATPL, 2, 5
ATT, 49, 50
autorotation, 15, 18, 76, 107, 118,
121, 124, 125
Avgas, 94, 99
Avtur, 94
B
Basic Weight, 105
BCF, 52, 58
Blade Sailing, 107
BPA, 65
brace position, 112
British Parachute Association, 65
BSI, 52
butterfly valve, 130
C
C of A, 21, 83, 85, 114
C of G, 106
CAA, 2, 51, 59, 85, 109, 110, 115
camera mount, 83
CANP, 61
carb heat, 79, 80, 130
carb icing, 129
cargo, 22
casevacs, 50
Casualty Evacuation, 49
Centre of Gravity, 105, 106
Chief Pilot, 2, 21, 135
Chinook, 110
chord line, 12
178 The Helicopter Pilot’s Handbook
Civil Aviation Notification
Procedure, 61
climb rate, 29
CO2, 52, 58
cold soaking, 79
collective, 12, 13, 16, 17, 107
collective pitch, 72, 118, 121
combustion chamber, 128, 129
Commercial Air Transport, 21, 59,
65, 75
congested area, 91
congested areas, 59
coning angle, 12
contingency fuel, 94
CPL, 5, 6
crop spraying, 38
cv, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139
cyclic, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 107
cylinder head, 127, 128
D
Dangerous Goods, 50
De-icing, 82, 108, 109
deicing fluid, 78
Density Altitude, 132
detonation, 128
Disk Loading, 14
Disymmetry of lift, 13
ditching, 99
downdraught, 68, 69
downwash, 15, 17, 18, 107
drag, 17, 29, 30, 107, 118
dragging hinge, 13
Duty Hours, 21
Dynamic Rollover, 16
E
EGT, 127, 128
ELT, 101
Emergency, 22, 104, 112
emergency exits, 50, 99, 111
emergency landings, 92
emergency services, 51, 83, 92
engine failure, 27, 61, 76, 93, 118,
119
Engine Handling, 126
estuaries, 91
ethyl alcohol, 129
exemptions, 49, 59
Exhaust Gas Temperature, 127
External Load Operations, 20
external loads, 20, 25
External loads, 29
External Slung Loads, 19
F
fatigue, 77
FATO, 55
feathering, 13, 15
feeder site, 58
feeder sites, 57
final approach, 76
Final Approach and Takeoff Area,
55
Fire extinguishers, 52
Fire Suppression, 43
fireproof container, 106
First Aid, 52, 53, 104
Flaggers, 41
flagman, 40
flap, 65
flapping hinge, 12
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The Helicopter Pilot’s Handbook(113)
