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such as other crew members and air
traffic control personnel.
HUNTING—Movement of a blade
with respect to the other blades in the
plane of rotation, sometimes called
leading or lagging.
INERTIA—The property of matter
by which it will remain at rest or in a
state of uniform motion in the same
direction unless acted upon by some
external force.
IN GROUND EFFECT (IGE)
HOVER—Hovering close to the surface
(usually less than one rotor diameter
distance above the surface) under
the influence of ground effect.
INDUCED DRAG—That part of the
total drag that is created by the production
of lift.
INDUCED FLOW—The component
of air flowing vertically through the
rotor system resulting from the production
of lift.
ISOGONIC LINES—Lines on
charts that connect points of equal
magnetic variation.
KNOT—Aunit of speed equal to one
nautical mile per hour.
L/DMAX—The maximum ratio
between total lift (L) and total drag
(D). This point provides the best glide
speed. Any deviation from the best
glide speed increases drag and reduces
the distance you can glide.
LATERIAL VIBRATION—A vibration
in which the movement is in a lateral
direction, such as imbalance of the
main rotor.
LEAD AND LAG—The fore (lead)
and aft (lag) movement of the rotor
blade in the plane of rotation.
LICENSED EMPTY WEIGHT—
Basic empty weight not including full
engine oil, just undrainable oil.
LIFT—One of the four main forces
acting on a rotorcraft. It acts perpendicular
to the relative wind.
LOAD FACTOR—The ratio of a
specified load to the total weight of
the aircraft.
MARRIED NEEDLES—A term
used when two hands of an instrument
are superimposed over each other, as
on the engine/rotor tachometer.
MAST—The component that supports
the main rotor.
MAST BUMPING—Action of the
rotor head striking the mast, occurring
on underslung rotors only.
MINIMUM LEVEL FLIGHT
SPEED—The speed below which a
gyroplane, the propeller of which is
producing maximum thrust, loses altitude.
NAVIGATIONAL AID (NAVAID)
—Any visual or electronic device, airborne
or on the surface, that provides
point-to-point guidance information,
or position data, to aircraft in flight.
NIGHT—The time between the end
of evening civil twilight and the
beginning of morning civil twilight, as
published in the American Air
Almanac.
NORMALLY ASPIRATED ENGINE
—An engine that does not compensate
for decreases in atmospheric pressure
through turbocharging or other
means.
ONE-TO-ONE VIBRATION—A
low frequency vibration having one
beat per revolution of the rotor. This
vibration can be either lateral, vertical,
or horizontal.
OUT OF GROUND EFFECT
(OGE) HOVER—Hovering greater
than one diameter distance above the
surface. Because induced drag is
greater while hovering out of ground
effect, it takes more power to achieve
a hover out of ground effect.
G-4
PARASITE DRAG—The part of
total drag created by the form or shape
of helicopter parts.
PAYLOAD—The term used for passengers,
baggage, and cargo.
PENDULAR ACTION—The lateral
or longitudinal oscillation of the fuselage
due to it being suspended from
the rotor system.
PITCH ANGLE—The angle between
the chord line of the rotor blade and
the reference plane of the main rotor
hub or the rotor plane of rotation.
PREROTATION—In a gyroplane, it
is the spinning of the rotor to a sufficient
r.p.m. prior to flight.
PRESSURE ALTITUDE—The height
above the standard pressure level of
29.92 in. Hg. It is obtained by setting
29.92 in the barometric pressure window
and reading the altimeter.
PROFILE DRAG—Drag incurred
from frictional or parasitic resistance
of the blades passing through the air. It
does not change significantly with the
angle of attack of the airfoil section,
but it increases moderately as airspeed
increases.
RESULTANT RELATIVE WIND—
Airflow from rotation that is modified
by induced flow.
RETREATING BLADE—Any blade,
located in a semicircular part of the rotor
disc, where the blade direction is opposite
to the direction of flight.
RETREATING BLADE STALL—
A stall that begins at or near the tip of
a blade in a helicopter because of the
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