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Figure 11-2. By carefully studying the height/velocity
diagram, you will be able to avoid the combinations of altitude
and airspeed that may not allow you sufficient time or
altitude to enter a stabilized autorotative descent. You might
want to refer to this diagram during the remainder of the
discussion on the height/velocity diagram.
11-6
entering the rotor from the top. This phenomenon is
common to all airfoils and is known as tip vortices. Tip
vortices consume engine power but produce no useful
lift. As long as the tip vortices are small, their only
effect is a small loss in rotor efficiency. However, when
the helicopter begins to descend vertically, it settles
into its own downwash, which greatly enlarges the tip
vortices. In this vortex ring state, most of the power
developed by the engine is wasted in accelerating the
air in a doughnut pattern around the rotor.
In addition, the helicopter may descend at a rate that
exceeds the normal downward induced-flow rate of the
inner blade sections. As a result, the airflow of the inner
blade sections is upward relative to the disc. This produces
a secondary vortex ring in addition to the normal
tip-vortices. The secondary vortex ring is generated
about the point on the blade where the airflow changes
from up to down. The result is an unsteady turbulent
flow over a large area of the disc. Rotor efficiency is
lost even though power is still being supplied from the
engine. [Figure 11-4]
A fully developed vortex ring state is characterized by
an unstable condition where the helicopter experiences
uncommanded pitch and roll oscillations, has little or
no cyclic authority, and achieves a descent rate, which,
if allowed to develop, may approach 6,000 feet per
minute. It is accompanied by increased levels of
vibration.
A vortex ring state may be entered during any maneuver
that places the main rotor in a condition of high
upflow and low forward airspeed. This condition is
sometimes seen during quick-stop type maneuvers or
during recoveries from autorotations. The following
combination of conditions are likely to cause settling in
a vortex ring state:
1. A vertical or nearly vertical descent of at least
300 feet per minute. (Actual critical rate depends
on the gross weight, r.p.m., density altitude, and
other pertinent factors.)
2. The rotor system must be using some of the available
engine power (from 20 to 100 percent).
3. The horizontal velocity must be slower than
effective translational lift.
Some of the situations that are conducive to a settling
with power condition are: attempting to hover out of
ground effect at altitudes above the hovering ceiling of
the helicopter; attempting to hover out of ground effect
without maintaining precise altitude control; or downwind
and steep power approaches in which airspeed is
permitted to drop to nearly zero.
When recovering from a settling with power condition,
the tendency on the part of the pilot is to first try to stop
the descent by increasing collective pitch. However,
this only results in increasing the stalled area of the
rotor, thus increasing the rate of descent. Since inboard
portions of the blades are stalled, cyclic control is
limited. Recovery is accomplished by increasing
forward speed, and/or partially lowering collective
pitch. In a fully developed vortex ring state, the only
recovery may be to enter autorotation to break the
vortex ring state. When cyclic authority is regained,
you can then increase forward airspeed.
For settling with power demonstrations and training in
recognition of vortex ring state conditions, all maneuvers
should be performed at an elevation of at least
1,500 feet AGL.
To enter the maneuver, reduce power below hover
power. Hold altitude with aft cyclic until the
airspeed approaches 20 knots. Then allow the sink
rate to increase to 300 feet per minute or more as the
attitude is adjusted to obtain an airspeed of less than
10 knots. When the aircraft begins to shudder, the
application of additional up collective increases the
vibration and sink rate.
Recovery should be initiated at the first sign of vortex
ring state by applying forward cyclic to increase
airspeed and simultaneously reducing collective.
The recovery is complete when the aircraft passes
through effective translational lift and a normal
climb is established.
RETREATING BLADE STALL
In forward flight, the relative airflow through the
main rotor disc is different on the advancing and
retreating side. The relative airflow over the advancing
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