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has stabilized at slow cruise, the attitude indicator shows
an approximate level pitch attitude.
The altimeter is the primary pitch instrument during
level flight, whether flying at a constant airspeed, or
during a change in airspeed. Altitude should not change
during airspeed transitions. The heading indicator
remains the primary bank instrument. Whenever the
airspeed is changed any appreciable amount, the torque
meter is momentarily the primary instrument for power
control. When the airspeed approaches that desired, the
airspeed indicator again becomes the primary instrument
for power control.
The cross-check of the pitch and bank instruments to
produce straight-and-level flight should be combined
with the power control instruments. With a constant
power setting, a normal cross-check should be
satisfactory. When changing power, the speed of the
cross-check must be increased to cover the pitch and
bank instruments adequately. This is necessary to
counteract any deviations immediately.
COMMON ERRORS DURING AIRSPEED CHANGES
1. Improper use of power.
2. Overcontrolling pitch attitude.
3. Failure to maintain heading.
4. Failure to maintain altitude.
5. Improper pedal trim.
STRAIGHT CLIMBS (CONSTANT AIRSPEED
AND CONSTANT RATE)
For any power setting and load condition, there is only
one airspeed that will give the most efficient rate of
climb. To determine this, you should consult the climb
data for the type of helicopter being flown. The technique
varies according to the airspeed on entry and
whether you want to make a constant airspeed or constant
rate climb.
12-12
ENTRY
To enter a constant airspeed climb from cruise airspeed,
when the climb speed is lower than cruise speed, simultaneously
increase power to the climb power setting
and adjust pitch attitude to the approximate climb attitude.
The increase in power causes the helicopter to
start climbing and only very slight back cyclic pressure
is needed to complete the change from level to climb
attitude. The attitude indicator should be used to
accomplish the pitch change. If the transition from
level flight to a climb is smooth, the vertical speed indicator
shows an immediate upward trend and then stops
at a rate appropriate to the stabilized airspeed and attitude.
Primary and supporting instruments for climb
entry are illustrated in figure 12-17.
When the helicopter stabilizes on a constant airspeed
and attitude, the airspeed indicator becomes primary
Figure 12-16. Flight instrument indications in straight-and-level flight with airspeed decreasing.
Figure 12-15. Flight instrument indications in straight-and-level flight at normal cruise speed.
40
50 60 70
80
90
100
110
0 120
10
20
30
TORQUE
PERCENT
Supporting Pitch
and Bank
Primary Power Primary Pitch
Supporting Bank Primary Bank Supporting Pitch
Supporting
Power
40
50 60 70
80
90
100
110
0 120
10
20
30
TORQUE
PERCENT
Primary Bank
Primary
Power
Initially
Supporting Pitch
Primary Pitch
and Bank
Primary Power as Airspeed
Approaches Desired Value
Supporting Bank Supporting Pitch
12-13
for pitch. The torque meter continues to be primary for
power and should be monitored closely to determine if
the proper climb power setting is being maintained.
Primary and supporting instruments for a stabilized
constant airspeed climb are shown in figure 12-18.
The technique and procedures for entering a constant
rate climb are very similar to those previously
described for a constant airspeed climb. For training
purposes, a constant rate climb is entered from climb
airspeed. The rate used is the one that is appropriate for
40
50 60 70
80
90
100
110
0 120
10
20
30
TORQUE
PERCENT
Primary Pitch
Supporting Bank
Primary
Power
Supporting Bank Primary Bank Supporting Pitch
Figure 12-17. Flight instrument indications during climb entry for a constant airspeed climb.
40
50 60 70
80
90
100
110
0 120
10
20
30
TORQUE
PERCENT
Primary Pitch Supporting Pitch
and Bank
Primary
Power
Supporting Bank Primary Bank Supporting Pitch
Figure 12-18. Flight instrument indications in a stabilized, constant airspeed climb.
12-14
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